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Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: A Review
Abstract
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is a syndrome of burning pain, hyperesthesia, swelling, hyperhidrosis, and trophic changes in the skin and bone of the affected extremity. It is precipitated by a wide variety of factors in addition to nerve injury. It occurs outside of dermatomal distributions and can spread to involve other extremities without new injury. The diagnosis is primarily clinical, but roentgenography, scintigraphy, and sympathetic blockade can help to confirm the diagnosis. The most successful therapies are directed toward blocking the sympathetic innervation to the affected extremity, in conjunction with physical therapy. The theories proposed to explain the pathophysiology of reflex sympathetic dystrophy include "reverberating circuits" in the spinal cord that are triggered by intense pain, ephaptic transmission between sympathetic efferents and sensory afferents, and the presence of ectopic pacemakers in an injured nerve.
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Cited by
Seltzer, Z., Dubner, R., & Shir, Y. (1990) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)91074-s · Cited by 1,847
Harden, N. R., Bruehl, S., Perez, R. S. G. M., Birklein, F., Marinus, J., Maihofner, C., Lubenow, T., Buvanendran, A., Mackey, S., Graciosa, J., et al. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.04.030 · Cited by 1,324
Bruehl, S., Harden, N. R., Galer, B. S., Saltz, S., Bertram, M., Backonja, M., Gayles, R., Rudin, N., Bhugra, M. K., & Stanton-Hicks, M. (1999) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00011-1 · Cited by 622
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Practical Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines, 4th Edition
Harden, R. N., Oaklander, A. L., Burton, A. W., Perez, R. S. G. M., Richardson, K., Swan, M., Barthel, J., Costa, B., Graciosa, J. R., & Bruehl, S. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12033 · Cited by 534
Complex regional pain syndrome: mystery explained?
Jänig, W., & Baron, R. (2003) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(03)00557-x · Cited by 458
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwartzman, R. J.
- Venue
- Archives of Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1987-05-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 555
- ISSN
- 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1989982590
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 24.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Schwartzman, R. J. (1987). Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: A Review. Archives of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1987.00520170081028
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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