The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Near-Work Activity, Night-lights, and Myopia in the Singapore-China Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship among near-work activity, night-lights, and myopia in schoolchildren in Singapore and Xiamen, China. METHODS: The refractive error and ocular dimensions of 957 Chinese schoolchildren aged 7 to 9 years in Singapore and Xiamen, China, were determined using cycloplegic autorefraction and A-scan ultrasound biometry. Information on near-work activity (number of books read per week, reading in hours per day) and night-light use before age 2 years was obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of myopia was 36.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.0%-40.3%) in Singapore and 18.5% (95% CI, 14.0%-23.1%) in Xiamen, China. The crude odds ratio (OR) of higher myopia (at least -3.0 diopters) for children who read more than 2 books per week was 3.50 (95% CI, 2.15-5.70). In a multivariate logistic regression model, the OR of higher myopia for children who read more was 2.81 (95% CI, 1.69-4.69), adjusted for age, night-light use, parental myopia, and country, whereas there was no association between night-light use before age 2 years and higher myopia (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.92-2.58), after controlling for age, books read per week, parental myopia, and country. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The ORs of higher myopia for children who read more and children who are exposed to night-lights before age 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Reading (number of books per week) may be associated with higher myopia in Chinese schoolchildren. However, night-light use does not seem to be related to higher myopia.
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“Our findings indicate that children and adolescents are now spending substantially more time focusing on proximal tasks compared to that observed in studies conducted in the early and pre-smartphone era.11,31”
From Smartphone use as a possible risk factor for myopia (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Saw, S.-M.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Saw, Seang-Mei
- ORCID
- Saw, Seang-Mei
- Venue
- Archives of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2002-05-01
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 620
- ISSN
- 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2143330017
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
- Keywords
- myopia, reading, elementary school students, refractive error, parental myopia
- MeSH terms
- Child, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Human Activities, Lighting, Male, Myopia, Reading, Singapore, Work, Prevalence, Odds Ratio
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