Children Hospitalized With 2009 Novel Influenza A(H1N1) in California
Abstract
Objective To describe clinical and epidemiologic features of 2009 novel influenza A(H1N1) in children. Design Analysis of data obtained from standardized report forms and medical records. Setting Statewide public health surveillance in California. Participants Three hundred forty-five children who were hospitalized with or died of 2009 novel influenza A(H1N1). Main exposure Laboratory-confirmed 2009 novel influenza A(H1N1). Main outcome measures Hospitalization and death. Results From April 23 to August 11, 2009, 345 cases in children younger than 18 years were reported. The median age was 6 years. The hospitalization rate per 100 000 per 110 days was 3.5 (0.97 per 100 000 person-months), with rates highest in infants younger than 6 months (13.9 per 100 000 or 3.86 per 100 000 person-months). Two-thirds (230; 67%) had comorbidities. More than half (163 of 278; 59%) had pneumonia, 94 (27%) required intensive care, and 9 (3%) died; in 3 fatal cases (33%), children had secondary bacterial infections. More than two-thirds (221 of 319; 69%) received antiviral treatment, 44% (88 of 202) within 48 hours of symptom onset. In multivariate analysis, congenital heart disease (odds ratio [OR], 5.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-13.5) and cerebral palsy/developmental delay (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.7-7.4) were associated with increased likelihood of intensive care unit admission and/or death; likelihood was decreased in Hispanic (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8) and black (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-1.0…
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Evidence from seasonal influenza epidemics, past pandemics, pathology studies and animal models shows influenza predisposes to bacterial co-infection.
“Evidence of influenza predisposing to bacterial co-infection is seen in seasonal influenza epidemics, past pandemics, pathology studies and animal models [1–8].”
From The role of pneumonia and secondary bacterial infection in fatal and serious outcomes of pandemic influenza a(H1N1)pdm09. (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
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References 35 · Cited by 66
- Authors
- Louie, J. K.
- Affiliations
- California Department of Public Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Louie, Janice K.
- ORCID
- Louie, Janice K.
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-11-01
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1023
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2154494652
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- 2009 H1N1 influenza, pediatric influenza, hospitalization, mortality, comorbidities, congenital heart disease, cerebral palsy, developmental delay, intensive care unit admission, pneumonia, secondary bacterial infection, antiviral therapy, Hispanic children, racial disparities, California, disease surveillance, influenza epidemiology, clinical features, infants, children with disabilities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Antiviral Agents, California, Child, Child, Preschool, Critical Care, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Influenza, Human, Male, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Hospital Mortality, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
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