Hypnotics and Altered Sleep-Dream Patterns: I. All-night EEG Studies of Glutethimide, Methyprylon, and Pentobarbital
Abstract
THE increasing variety of and demand for sedative and hypnotic drugs have created a dilemma for the physician. Until recently, little sound scientific data was available to him which could be utilized in selecting appropriate drugs for the treatment of insomnia. Studies of the effects of drugs on sleep relied essentially on nurses' observations and subjective reports. With current all-night electrophysiological records, however, it is now possible to determine accurately when an individual is asleep, what type of sleep he is in and how sleep is affected by various drugs. Over the past several years, our laboratory has systematically evaluated a number of commonly used hypnotic agents. Preliminary reports of these investigations, primarily relating to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep alterations, have appeared elsewhere.1-3This paper presents a comparative analysis of studies relating the administration and withdrawal of three hypnotics in varying dosages to effects uponallsleep stages
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
New withdrawal symptoms described in the literature include flu-like symptoms, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, decreased concentration, sleep disturbances, dysphoria, irritability, and restlessness.
“New withdrawal symptoms described in the literature include flu-like symptoms, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, decreased concentration, sleep disturbances, dysphoria, irritability, and restlessness [1,12,22] .”
From New Classification of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
New SSRI withdrawal symptoms have been found to occur after drug discontinuation with variable frequency and duration, depending on the SSRI which is discontinued.
“New SSRI withdrawal symptoms have been found to occur after drug discontinuation with variable frequency and duration, depending on the SSRI which is discontinued [1,12,22] .”
From New Classification of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
A recurrent disabling withdrawal symptom described in the literature and online by patients is a sensory symptom of electric shock sensations and electric-like waves.
“A recurrent disabling withdrawal symptom described in the literature and online by patients is a sensory symptom of electric shock sensations and electric-like waves [1,12,22,26] .”
From New Classification of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
New SSRI withdrawal symptoms usually reach a peak of onset between 36 and 96 h after SSRI reduction or discontinuation, and are reversible, lasting from a few hours up to 6 weeks.
“They usually reach a peak of onset between 36 and 96 h after SSRI reduction or discontinuation, and are reversible, lasting from a few hours up to 6 weeks [1,12,22] .”
From New Classification of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 9 · Cited by 68
- Authors
- Kales, A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kales, Anthony
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1970-09-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 211
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134899575
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2017: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 19.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Keywords
- hypnotics, insomnia, sleep stages, REM sleep, drug effects on sleep, hypnotic withdrawal, dose comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Clinical Trials as Topic, Dreams, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Electrooculography, Glutethimide, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Male, Pentobarbital, Placebos, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
