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Dynamics of Drug Dependence: Implications of a Conditioning Theory for Research and Treatment
Abstract
Though usually initiated through social reinforcement, self-administration of psychoactive drugs (SAPD) is soon reinforced pharmacologically through suppression (by each successive dose) of a homeostatic need generated by successive central counteradaptive changes (CCCs) that develop unconditionally in response to the initial (receptor site) actions of such drugs and their "reflex" consequences (signs of drug effects). Temporal contiguity between pharmacological reinforcement and recurring exteroceptive and interoceptive stimuli (CCs) results in increasing probability of occurrence of both CCCs and SAPD in the presence of the CSs (appetitive conditioning), even long after detoxification (DTX). To prevent relapse, both conditioned CCCs (conditioned abstinence, CA) and conditioned SAPD should be actively extinguished after DTX by elicitation of CA and programmed SAPD under conditions preventing pharmacological reinforcement. Associated psychopathologies and previous state-dependent learning may pose problems in rehabilitation.
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Citations
Cites
Conditioned Insulin Secretion and Hypoglycemia Following Repeated Injections of Tolbutamide in Rats1
WOODS, S. C., ALEXANDER, K. R., & PORTE, D. (1972) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-90-1-227 · Cited by 49
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Fredholm, B. B., Bättig, K., Holmén, J., Nehlig, A., & Zvartau, E. E. (1999) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01396-6 · Cited by 2,624
The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings
Shaham, Y., Shalev, U., Lu, L., de Wit, H., & Stewart, J. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1224-x · Cited by 1,615
A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment
Spielman, A. J., Caruso, L. S., & Glovinsky, P. B. (1987) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30532-x · Cited by 1,261
Nucleus accumbens shell and core dopamine: differential role in behavior and addiction
Di Chiara, G. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00286-3 · Cited by 996
Metadata
- Authors
- Wikler, A.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1973-05-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 611
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1997255693
- Cited by
- 648
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Wikler, A. (1973). Dynamics of Drug Dependence: Implications of a Conditioning Theory for Research and Treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750350005001
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
