CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 216Mental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research Topics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Outcome of Depression and Anxiety in Primary Care: A Three-Wave 31/2-Year Study of Psychopathology and Disability

Ormel, Johan·1993·Archives of General Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820220009001
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the long-term outcome of depression and anxiety and associated disability among primary-care attenders with common psychiatric disorders and symptoms (n = 201) using binary and multicategorical, interview-based outcome measures of psychiatric illness and disability. METHODS: A two-stage design was used. In the first stage, 1994 consecutive attenders of 25 general practitioners were screened on psychiatric illness with the General Health Questionnaire and by their physicians. A stratified random sample (n = 292) with differing probabilities was selected for second-stage interview (Present State Examination and Groningen Disability Schedule). Patients with psychiatric symptoms (n = 201) were reassessed 1 (n = 182) and 3 1/2 (n = 154) years later. RESULTS: At 1- and 3 1/2-year follow-ups, many cases no longer met the criteria of their baseline diagnosis and disability levels had substantially dropped. However, partial remission, not full recovery, was the rule, and was associated with residual disability. Depression had better outcomes than anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that a multicategorical, rather than a binary, outcome measure better reflects patient outcomes, since it highlights partial remission, mild symptoms, and residual disability, and as such, stresses the need to supplement short-term treatment. A multicategorical caseness model may be advantageous for research and clinical practice. We suggest a dynamic-equilibrium model to account for residual symptoms and disability. This study is a follow-up to two earlier reports on the recognition, treatment, and 1-year course of common psychiatric illnesses in general practice.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820220009001

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 46 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 201–216 of 216

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Ormel, J.
Affiliations
University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author
Ormel, Johan
ORCID
Ormel, Johan
Venue
Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
1993-10-01
Volume
50
Issue
10
Pages
759
ISSN
0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820220009001
OpenAlex
W1971621926
Cited by
216
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
FWCI
15.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords
depression, anxiety, mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, long-term outcomes, disability, partial remission, residual symptoms, primary care, general practitioners, mental health screening, General Health Questionnaire, Present State Examination, dynamic equilibrium model
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Family Practice, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Social Adjustment, Treatment Outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review