Differences in Early Childhood Risk Factors for Juvenile-Onset and Adult-Onset Depression
Abstract
Background Family and twin studies suggest that juvenile-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) may be etiologically distinct from adult-onset MDD. This study is the first to distinguish prospectively between juvenile- and adult-onset cases of MDD in a representative birth cohort followed up from childhood into adulthood. Method The study followed a representative birth cohort prospectively from birth to age 26 years. Early childhood risk factors covered the period from birth to age 9 years. Diagnoses of MDD were made according to DSM criteria at 3 points prior to adulthood (ages 11, 13, and 15 years) and 3 points during adulthood (ages 18, 21, and 26 years). Four groups were defined as (1) individuals first diagnosed as having MDD in childhood, but not in adulthood (n = 21); (2) individuals first diagnosed as having MDD in adulthood (n = 314); (3) individuals first diagnosed in childhood whose depression recurred in adulthood by age 26 years (n = 34); and (4) never-depressed individuals (n = 629). Results The 2 juvenile-onset groups had similar high-risk profiles on the childhood measures. Compared with the adult-depressed group, the juvenile-onset groups experienced more perinatal insults and motor skill deficits, caretaker instability, criminality, and psychopathology in their family-of-origin, and behavioral and socioemotional problems. The adult-onset group's risk profile was similar to that of the never-depressed group with the exception of elevated childhood sexual abus…
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Different treatments may be more effective for some participants compared with others, depending on stage of illness, severity of previous symptomology and age.
“As a result, it may be the case that different treatments are more effective for some participants compared with others, depending on stage of illness, severity of previous symptomology and age (Jaffee 2002; Kessler 2005).”
From Interventions for preventing relapse and recurrence of a depressive disorder in children and adolescents (2012) · cites this paper as Jaffee 2002
In the Dunedin Longitudinal Study, a continuous measure of DSM-III-R symptoms of depression at age 9 assessed by unstructured clinical interview did not differentiate persons with and without major depressive disorder in late adolescence or adulthood.
“In the Dunedin Longitudinal Study, a continuous measure of DSM-III-R symptoms of depression at age 9 years assessed via an unstructured clinical interview by a psychiatrist did not differentiate persons with and without a major depressive disorder in late adolescence or adulthood.11,12”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [11]
The stability and predictive validity of childhood symptoms for later depressive disorders has been examined only in a limited way.
“To date, however, the stability and predictive validity of childhood symptoms to later depressive disorders has been examined in a limited way.”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [11]
There is evidence that the early life stress profiles of individuals with childhood- versus adult-onset depression differ.
“and there is evidence that the ELS profiles of individuals with childhood- vs. adult-onset depression differ (Jaffee et al. 2002).”
From Gene–environment interactions: early life stress and risk for depressive and anxiety disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Jaffee et al. 2002
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References 50 · Cited by 472
- Authors
- Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Fombonne, E., Poulton, R., & Martin, J.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Jaffee, Sara R.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2002-03-01
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2059654210
- Cited by
- 472
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 21.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-49414, MH 45070, R01MH045070)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, early childhood risk factors, perinatal insults, motor skill deficits, family psychopathology, child sexual abuse, depression recurrence, birth cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Change Events, Male, Personality Development, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Child of Impaired Parents
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