Incidence of Social Anxiety Disorder and the Consistent Risk for Secondary Depression in the First Three Decades of Life
Abstract
Context Epidemiological findings demonstrating an increased risk for individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) to develop depression have been challenged by discrepant findings from prospective longitudinal examinations in childhood and early adolescence. Objectives To examine patterns of SAD incidence, the consistency of associations of SAD with subsequent depression, and distal and proximal predictors for subsequent depression. Design Face-to-face, 10-year prospective longitudinal and family study of up to 4 waves. The DSM-IV Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered by clinically trained interviewers. Setting Community sample in Munich. Participants Three thousand twenty-one individuals aged 14 to 24 years at baseline and 21 to 34 years at follow-up. Main outcome measures Cumulative incidence of SAD and depression (major depressive episode or dysthymia). Results Cumulative incidence for SAD was 11.0%; for depression, 27.0%. Standardized person-years of incidence for SAD were highest for those aged 10 to 19 years (0.72%) and were low before (0.20%) and after (0.19%) that age range. Depression incidence was different, characterized by delayed and continued high rates. Social anxiety disorder was consistently associated with subsequent depression, independent of age at onset for SAD (relative risk range, 1.49-1.85, controlling for age and sex). Crude Cox regressions showed significant distal (eg, parental anxiety or depression, behavioral inhib…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sex differences in anxiety diagnoses emerge during puberty.
“Sex differences in anxiety diagnoses emerge during puberty (12–15).”
From Sexual differentiation of neural mechanisms of stress sensitivity during puberty (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Sex differences in stress sensitivity emerge at puberty in humans and other animals, coinciding with an increased incidence of anxiety in women.
“Sex differences in stress sensitivity emerge at puberty in both humans (63, 64) and other animals (20–22), coinciding with an increased incidence of anxiety in women (10, 12, 14, 15).”
From Sexual differentiation of neural mechanisms of stress sensitivity during puberty (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 61 · Cited by 731
- Authors
- Beesdo, K., Bittner, A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 903
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2130648284
- Cited by
- 731
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 36.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, depression, incidence, behavioral inhibition, parental anxiety, parental depression, panic, risk factors for depression, comorbidities, early intervention, prevention, family studies, young adults, childhood and adolescence, dysthymia, major depressive episode, age of onset
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Germany, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models, Age of Onset, Dysthymic Disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
