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Treatment Guidelines for Patients With Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
Abstract
Objective To develop a set of minimum clinical guidelines for use by primary care physicians in the evaluation and management of patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Participants Guidelines were developed by a nine-member ad hoc Standards of Care Committee of the American Thyroid Association (the authors of this article). The participants were selected by the committee chair and the president of the American Thyroid Association on the basis of their clinical experience. The committee members represented different geographic areas within the United States, in order to take into account different practice styles. Evidence Guidelines were developed on the basis of expert opinion of the participants, as well as on available published information. Consensus process Input was obtained from all of the participants, each of whom wrote an initial section of the document. A complete draft document was then written by three participants (P.A.S., D.S.C., and E.G.L.) and resubmitted to the entire committee for revision. The revised document was then submitted to the entire membership of the American Thyroid Association for written comments, which were then reviewed (mainly by P.A.S., D.S.C., and E.G.L.). Many of the suggestions of the American Thyroid Association members were incorporated into the final draft, which was then approved by the Executive Council of the American Thyroid Association. The entire process, from initial drafts to final approval, took approximately 18 m…
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“The options of treatment with L-T3 or the combination of L-T4 and L-T3 therefore have largely been abandoned [2,3] .”
From 2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism (2012) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Usually, this is accomplished through oral ingestion of a pure synthetic form of T4, called levothyroxine [2].”
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“For this purpose, three treatment options are available: antithyroid drug therapy, radioactive iodine, and surgery [14].”
BackgroundEvaluation of Thyroid Function
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Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Lu, X., Xie, W.-M., Wang, C., & Zhai, Z.-G. (2024) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-024-03016-7 · Cited by 2
“They also mainly involve the proximal muscles and are accompanied by manifestations of the primary disease [15, 16, 20].”
BackgroundFrequency of Thyroid Disorders in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan
Zubair, M., Hameed, Z., Tahir, H., Farhat, S., Kazmi, T., & Shahid, N. (2023) · Journal of Shalamar Medical & Dental College - JSHMDC · doi:10.53685/jshmdc.v4i1.153 · Cited by 2
Graves’ disease diagnosed in remnant thyroid after lobectomy for thyroid cancer
Jin, M.-H., Jang, A., Kim, W. G., Kim, T. Y., Kim, W. B., Shong, Y., & Jeon, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265332 · Cited by 2
“Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder and is considered the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, followed by toxic multinodular goiter and toxic adenoma [1, 2].”
BackgroundShaikh, U. N., Ghoto, M., Dayo, A., Arain, M., & Khan, J. (2021) · PAFMJ · doi:10.51253/pafmj.v71i5.3682 · Cited by 2
Older patients’ experience of primary hypothyroidism: A qualitative study
Ingoe, L. E., Hickey, J., Pearce, S. H. S., Rapley, T., Razvi, S., Wilkes, S., & Hrisos, S. (2018) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12656 · Cited by 2
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Emerson, C. (2012) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2012.2212.ed · Cited by 2
“Both of the earlier articles (2,3) emphasize the symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism.”
Li, D., Pei, H., Li, X., Liu, X., & Xie, Y. (2012) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.3275/8188 · Cited by 2
Thyroid dysfunction and the elderly patient: a primer for pharmacists.
Martin, C. M. (2012) · The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists · doi:10.4140/tcp.n.2012.682 · Cited by 2
Thyroid Dysfunction among Young Adults in Uganda
Galukande, M., Jombwe, J., Fualal, J., & Gakwaya, A. (2010) · doi:10.4314/ecajs.v15i2 · Cited by 2
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Metadata
- Authors
- Singer, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singer, Peter A.
- Venue
- JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1995-03-08
- Volume
- 273
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 808
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2011275871
- Cited by
- 427
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 11.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid dysfunction, diagnosis, treatment, primary care, consensus recommendations, American Thyroid Association
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