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Effect of First-Line Chemotherapy Combined With Cetuximab or Bevacizumab on Overall Survival in Patients With KRAS Wild-Type Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Combining biologic monoclonal antibodies with chemotherapeutic cytotoxic drugs provides clinical benefit to patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, but the optimal choice of the initial biologic therapy in previously untreated patients is unknown. Objective: To determine if the addition of cetuximab vs bevacizumab to the combination of leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) regimen or the combination of leucovorin, fluorouracil, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) regimen is superior as first-line therapy in advanced or metastatic KRAS wild-type (wt) colorectal cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants: Patients (≥18 years) enrolled at community and academic centers throughout the National Clinical Trials Network in the United States and Canada (November 2005-March 2012) with previously untreated advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer whose tumors were KRAS wt chose to take either the mFOLFOX6 regimen or the FOLFIRI regimen as chemotherapy and were randomized to receive either cetuximab (n = 578) or bevacizumab (n = 559). The last date of follow-up was December 15, 2015. Interventions: Cetuximab vs bevacizumab combined with either mFOLFOX6 or FOLFIRI chemotherapy regimen chosen by the treating physician and patient. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was overall survival. Secondary objectives included progression-free survival and overall response rate, site-reported confirmed or unconfirmed complete or partial response. Results: Among 1137 patients (median age, 59 years; 440 [39%] women), 1074 (94%) of patients met eligibility criteria. As of December 15, 2015, median follow-up for 263 surviving patients was 47.4 months (range, 0-110.7 months), and 82% of patients (938 of 1137) experienced disease progression. The median overall survival was 30.0 months in the cetuximab-chemotherapy group and 29.0 months in the bevacizumab-chemotherapy group with a stratified hazard ratio (HR) of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.77-1.01; P = .08). The median progression-free survival was 10.5 months in the cetuximab-chemotherapy group and 10.6 months in the bevacizumab-chemotherapy group with a stratified HR of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.84-1.08; P = .45). Response rates were not significantly different, 59.6% vs 55.2% for cetuximab and bevacizumab, respectively (difference, 4.4%, 95% CI, 1.0%-9.0%, P = .13). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with KRAS wt untreated advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, there was no significant difference in overall survival between the addition of cetuximab vs bevacizumab to chemotherapy as initial biologic treatment. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00265850.
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“Also, patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and related intestinal malignancies tend to receive similar treatments and live for many months with relatively stable health (median overall survival >2 years) [44], facilitating study completion and potentially derivation of durable benefit from the intervention.”
From Being present: A single-arm feasibility study of audio-based mindfulness meditation for colorectal cancer patients and caregivers (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Although a higher percentage of men enrolled compared to most prior mindfulness interventions for integrative cancer care [34], the evaluable study sample included a greater proportion of younger (age <50), female, White and Latino or Hispanic patients relative to the underlying population [44, 53].”
From Being present: A single-arm feasibility study of audio-based mindfulness meditation for colorectal cancer patients and caregivers (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“This trial demonstrated that patients in the cetuximab plus chemotherapy group had slightly higher overall survival versus patients in the bevacizumab plus chemotherapy group (30.0 months versus 29.0 months).”
From Update on Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“Similar to the FIRE-3 trial, median progression-free survival and response rates were similar between groups.”
From Update on Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the CALGB/SWOG 80405 trial showed that both cetuximab and bevacizumab provided comparable outcomes when combined with chemotherapy in the overall population, but the benefit of anti-EGFR therapy was again limited to RAS wild-type tumors [21].”
From RAS Mutations in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Novel Therapeutic Approaches (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“however, it must be noted here that this pooled analysis also included patients who had received a nonstandard treatment regimen, including FUFIRI, FUFOX, and mIROX as induction chemotherapies and bevacizumab monotherapy or observation alone as maintenance therapies in clinical trials [22,23].”
From The Prognostic Impact of KRAS G12C Mutation in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Self-citationNakajima, H., Kotani, D., Bando, H., Kato, T., Oki, E., Shinozaki, E., Sunakawa, Y., Yamazaki, K., Yuki, S., Nakamura, Y., et al. (2021) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-021-08395-2 · Cited by 35
“Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), panitumumab, and cetuximab are key standard drugs for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with RAS wild-type tumors [1–4], achieving a median overall survival (OS) of approximately 30 months [1, 2, 5, 6].”
Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Definitions and Patient Selection for Local Therapies
Miller, E. D., Hitchcock, K. E., & Romesser, P. B. (2023) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer · doi:10.1007/s12029-022-00900-5 · Cited by 31
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“In addition to surgical approach, mutational RAS status is correlated to anti-EGFR mAbs (cetuximab and panitumumab) response [169–171.”
BackgroundBTK inhibitors synergise with 5‐FU to treat drug‐resistant TP53‐null colon cancers
Lavitrano, M., Ianzano, L., Bonomo, S., Cialdella, A., Cerrito, M. G., Pisano, F., Missaglia, C., Giovannoni, R., Romano, G., McLean, C. M., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.5347 · Cited by 32
Current therapy of advanced colorectal cancer according to RAS/RAF mutational status
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HIF in Gastric Cancer: Regulation and Therapeutic Target
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Strategy to targeting the immune resistance and novel therapy in colorectal cancer
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Tiam1 methylation by NSD2 promotes Rac1 signaling activation and colon cancer metastasis
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“This was particularly the case for the combination of cetuximab with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) or fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX).(1,2) However, several studies have shown that the survival of those patients with tumor RAS mutations (RAS-mt) was shorter than for those with R…”
ResultBiomarkers in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Status Quo and Future Perspective
Puccini, A., Seeber, A., & Berger, M. D. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14194828 · Cited by 31
“Whereas the median overall survival (mOS) of patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) did not exceed 6 months in the eighties, nowadays the median survival reaches almost 30 months [3,4].”
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“Despite these therapeutic advances, mCRC is often incurable with a sobering median survival of 28-30 months (3).”
Investigation of the role and mechanism of ARHGAP5-mediated colorectal cancer metastasis
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“In particular, there was a lack of efficacy of these antibodies in the majority of CRC patients with KRAS mutant-type or microsatellites stable (MSS) disease [32].”
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Self-citationAnti-EGFR Therapy to Treat Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Not for All
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Self-citationCardiac Interventions in Patients With Active, Advanced Solid and Hematologic Malignancies
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“In another similar trial, the respective median survival rates were 30 and 29 months.(74)”
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“There was no significant difference in PFS, and the PFS results of the meta-analysis are highly consistent with those reported in previous RCTs [5, 6].”
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“RAS wild-type status is associated with better outcomes after treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors.(22) In addition, microsatellite instability phenotypes have been TABLE 2: Characteristics of liver metastases”
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Adoptive T-Cell Therapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review
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“Bevacizumab and cetuximab have been simultaneously administered with chemotherapy in mCRC, but this approach decreases the quality of life and does not improve overall median survival [2].”
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Cutoff value of IC50 for drug sensitivity in patient-derived tumor organoids in colorectal cancer
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Quantification of Long-term Survival Benefit in a Comparative Oncology Clinical Study
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Self-citationRasGRP1 is a potential biomarker for stratifying anti-EGFR therapy response in colorectal cancer
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Metadata
- Authors
- Venook, A. P., Niedzwiecki, D., Lenz, H.-J., Innocenti, F., Fruth, B., Meyerhardt, J. A., Schrag, D., Greene, C., O'Neil, B. H., Atkins, J. N., Berry, S., Polite, B. N., O'Reilly, E. M., Goldberg, R. M., Hochster, H. S., Schilsky, R. L., Bertagnolli, M. M., El-Khoueiry, A. B., Watson, P., Benson, A. B., Mulkerin, D. L., Mayer, R. J., & Blanke, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Dana-Farber/Partners CancerCare, Boston, Massachusetts
- Indiana University, Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis
- Southeastern Medical Oncology Center (US)
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (US)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- American Society of Clinical Oncology (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Kinston Medical Specialists (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2017-06-20
- Volume
- 317
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2392
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC5545896
- OpenAlex
- W2712978371
- Cited by
- 898
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 122 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 16
- FWCI
- 39.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- National Cancer Institute (U10CA180882, K05CA169384, U10CA180820, U10CA180791, U10CA180888, U10CA180836, U10CA180790, U10CA180830, U10CA180795, U10CA180850, R01CA149222, U10CA180838, U10CA180867, U10CA180821, U10CA180799)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Intraperitoneal and Appendiceal Malignancies
- Keywords
- metastatic colorectal cancer, KRAS wild-type, cetuximab, bevacizumab, first-line chemotherapy, mFOLFOX6, FOLFIRI, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, monoclonal antibodies, overall survival, progression-free survival, anti-EGFR therapy, anti-VEGF therapy, community oncology
- MeSH terms
- Bevacizumab, Cetuximab, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antineoplastic Agents, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Camptothecin, Canada, Leucovorin, Female, Fluorouracil, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Organoplatinum Compounds, Genes, ras, United States, Colorectal Neoplasms, Treatment Outcome, Disease-Free Survival, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Kaplan-Meier Estimate
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