Cited by 362Ovarian function and disordersDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

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Long or Highly Irregular Menstrual Cycles as a Marker for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Solomon, Caren G.·2001·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.286.19.2421

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Although oligomenorrhea has been associated cross-sectionally with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, it is not known whether oligomenorrhea is a marker for increased future risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess risk of type 2 DM in women with a history of long or highly irregular menstrual cycles. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Nurses' Health Study II, a prospective observational cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 101 073 women who had no prior history of DM and who reported their usual menstrual cycle pattern at age 18 to 22 years on the baseline (1989) questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident reports of DM, with follow-up through 1997, compared among women categorized by menstrual cycle length (5 categories). RESULTS: During 564 333 person-years of follow-up, there were 507 cases of type 2 DM. Compared with women with a usual cycle length of 26 to 31 days (referent category) at age 18 to 22 years, the relative risk (RR) of type 2 DM among women with a menstrual cycle length that was 40 days or more or was too irregular to estimate was 2.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-2.66), adjusting for body mass index at age 18 years and several other potential confounding variables. The RR of type 2 DM associated with long or highly irregular menstrual cycles was greater in obese women, but was also increased in nonobese women (at body mass indexes at age 18 years of <25, 25-29, and >/=30 kg/m, RRs were 1.67 [95% CI, 1.14-2.45], 1.74 [95% CI, 1.07-2.82], and 3.86 [95% CI, 2.33-6.38], respectively). CONCLUSION: Women with long or highly irregular menstrual cycles have a significantly increased risk for developing type 2 DM that is not completely explained by obesity.

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Influential
Validity of self-reported menstrual cycle length
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Authors: Solomon, C. G.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Solomon, Caren G.
ORCID: Solomon, Caren G.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2001-11-21
Volume: 286
Issue: 19
Pages: 2421
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.19.2421
OpenAlex: W2043815784
Cited by: 362
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 17.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (CA50385, R01CA050385)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: type 2 diabetes, menstrual cycle length, oligomenorrhea, menstrual irregularity, diabetes risk, obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, women's health, Nurses' Health Study II
MeSH terms: Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Obesity, Oligomenorrhea, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index

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Long or Highly Irregular Menstrual Cycles as a Marker for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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