Socioeconomic Diversity of the Matriculating US Medical Student Body by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex, 2017 - 2019
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health and the accumulation of unexpected expenses, given that they do not have the family support of their peers from high-income households.6 This study has limitations.Reliability and validity of self-reported parental income are unknown, subject to response biases, and may differ between groups.Furthermore, AAMC-MSQ nonrespondent characteristics were unavailable, potentially introducing sampling variance.Future work should explore temporal trends and examine factors resulting in such a broad range of representation among the lowest-income students of various racial and ethnic groups.
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6.1% of medical students came from the lowest income quintile.
“At the extremes of the income distribution, 24% came from the top 5% of household earners, whereas only 6.1% came from the lowest income quintile [1].”
From The Clinical Mentorship Program: a mixed-methods evaluation of a community-based medical education pathway program for high school students (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
The Results report that 24.0% of respondents who reported parental income came from the top 5% of households, and that the bottom three income quintiles were underrepresented. Neither the Results passages nor searches for the lowest quintile and 6.1% establish the claimed 6.1% figure. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNearly 75% of medical students represent the top two household-income quintiles.
“This is evident by a disproportionate number of U.S. medical students coming from affluent households, with nearly 75% of medical students representing the top two household-income quintiles.”
From The Clinical Mentorship Program: a mixed-methods evaluation of a community-based medical education pathway program for high school students (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
The Results report that 50.5% of respondents who reported parental income came from the highest household-income quintile, supporting the claim that affluent households are disproportionately represented. Our copy does not give a combined percentage for the top two quintiles, so it does not establish the claimed figure of nearly 75%. The study also covers matriculating allopathic students who reported parental income, rather than all medical students. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured24% of medical students came from the top 5% of household earners.
“At the extremes of the income distribution, 24% came from the top 5% of household earners, whereas only 6.1% came from the lowest income quintile [1].”
From The Clinical Mentorship Program: a mixed-methods evaluation of a community-based medical education pathway program for high school students (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
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Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [1]Raffoul M, Bartlett-Esquilant G, Phillips RL Jr. Recruiting and training a health professions workforce to meet the needs of tomorrow’s health care system. Acad Med. 2019; 94(5): 651- 655. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002606 30681446 · DOI
- [2]Bailey MJ, Dynarski SM. Gains and Gaps: Changing Inequality in US College Entry and Completion. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2011. doi: 10.3386/w17633 · DOI
- [3]Morris DB, Gruppuso PA, McGee HA, Murillo AL, Grover A, Adashi EY. Diversity of the national medical student body—four decades of inequities. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384(17): 1661- 1668. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr2028487 33913645 · DOI
- [5]Fenton JJ, Fiscella K, Jerant AF,. Reducing medical school admissions disparities in an era of legal restrictions: adjusting for applicant socioeconomic disadvantage. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016; 27(1): 22- 34. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2016.0013 27763458 · DOI
- [6]Shahriar AA, Sagi V, Castañón-Gonzalez LA, Kottke TE, Vazquez-Benitez G, Crichlow R. Comparison of medical school financing plans among matriculating US medical students from 2017 to 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4(7): e2117704. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17704 34283231 PMC8293019 · DOI
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Hunt, V. M., Cheng, J., de Lomba, W. C., & Warrier, S. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-09852-x
- Authors
- Shahriar, A. A., Puram, V. V., Miller, J. M., Sagi, V., Castañón-Gonzalez, L. A., Prasad, S., & Crichlow, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (US)
- Codman Square Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author
- Shahriar, Arman A.
- Venue
- JAMA Network Open
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2022-03-15
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e222621
- ISSN
- 2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8924719
- OpenAlex
- W4220759612
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 22.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Medical Education and Admissions
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Keywords
- medical students, socioeconomic diversity, race and ethnicity, sex, parental income, low-income students, medical school admissions, health disparities
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Ethnicity, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Socioeconomic Factors, Students, Medical
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