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Detecting and describing heterogeneity in meta-analysis
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The data were analysed on homogeneity using the homogeneity statistic Q and the heterogeneity statistic I 2 .”
From The Influence of Active and Passive Procrastination on Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“The exact binomial two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for both performance measures according to the Wilson score method (14).”
From Multicenter Evaluation of BioFire FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel for Detection of Bacteria, Viruses, and Yeast in Cerebrospinal Fluid Specimens (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
No citation lists for this paper
No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.
Metadata
- Authors
- Hardy, R. J., & Thompson, S. G.
- Venue
- Statistics in Medicine
- Published
- 1998
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Detecting and describing heterogeneity in meta-analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980430)17:8
- The paper
- Hardy, R. J., & Thompson, S. G. (1998). Detecting and describing heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980430)17%3A8
