The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Randomization Tests
Abstract
A randomization test is a permutation test that is based on randomization (random assignment), where the test is carried out in the following way. A test statistic (such as a difference between means) is computed for the experimental data (measurements or observations). Then the data are repeatedly divided or rearranged in a manner consistent with what the random assignment procedure would have produced if the treatments had no differential effect.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 30
- Basu D., 1980, J. Amer. Statist. Ass., 75, 575, 10.1080/01621459.1980.10477512 · DOI
- Bradley J. V., 1968, Distribution‐Free Statistical Tests
- Chung J. H., 1958, J. Amer. Statist. Ass., 53, 729, 10.1080/01621459.1958.10501472 · DOI
- Dwass M., 1957, Ann. Math. Statist., 28, 181, 10.1214/aoms/1177707045 · DOI · Paper page
- Edgington E. S., 1967, J. Psychol., 65, 195, 10.1080/00223980.1967.10544864 · DOI
- Edgington E. S., 1969, Statistical Inference: The Distribution‐Free Approach
- Edgington E. S., 1980, Randomization Tests
- Edgington E. S., 1980, J. Educ. Statist., 5, 235, 10.3102/10769986005003235 · DOI
- Edgington E. S., 1980, J. Educ. Statist., 5, 261, 10.3102/10769986005003261 · DOI
- Edgington E. S., 1983, Contemp. Psychol., 28, 64, 10.1037/021569 · DOI
- Edgington E. S., 1983, J. Educ. Statist., 8, 121, 10.3102/10769986008002121 · DOI
- Edgington E. S., 1984, Progress in Behavior Modification
- Fisher R. A., 1951, The Design of Experiments
- Gabriel K. R., 1979, Commun. Statist. A, 8, 975, 10.1080/03610927908827812 · DOI
- Green B. F., 1963, Digital Computers in Research
- Green B. F., 1977, Amer. Statist., 31, 37, 10.1080/00031305.1977.10479192 · DOI
- Kazdin A. E., 1980, J. Educ. Statist., 5, 253, 10.3102/10769986005003253 · DOI
- Kazdin A. E., 1982, Single‐Case Research Designs: Methods for Clinical and Applied Settings
- Kempthorne O., 1952, Design and Analysis of Experiments
- Klauber M. R., 1971, Biometrics, 27, 129, 10.2307/2528932 · DOI
- Klauber M. R., 1975, Biometrics, 31, 719, 10.2307/2529554 · DOI
- Lehmann E. L., 1975, Statistical Methods Based on Ranks
- Levin J. R., 1978, Single Subject Research: Strategies for Evaluating Change
- Miller A. J., 1979, Commun. Statist. A, 8, 1017, 10.1080/03610927908827813 · DOI
- Pitman E. J. G., 1937, J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 4, 119, 10.2307/2984124 · DOI · Paper page
- Pitman E. J. G., 1937, J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 4, 225, 10.2307/2983647 · DOI · Paper page
- Pitman E. J. G., 1938, Biometrika, 29, 322
- Tukey J. W., 1978, The Management of Weather Resources
- Wampold B. E., 1981, J. Behav. Assess., 3, 329, 10.1007/BF01350836 · DOI
- Zerbe Z. O., 1977, Biometrics, 33, 653, 10.2307/2529463 · DOI
Cited by
A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance
Anderson, M. J. (2001) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x · Cited by 13,828
Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: A primer with examples
Nichols, T. E., & Holmes, A. P. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.1058 · Cited by 6,256
FITTING MULTIVARIATE MODELS TO COMMUNITY DATA: A COMMENT ON DISTANCE-BASED REDUNDANCY ANALYSIS
McArdle, B. H., & Anderson, M. J. (2001) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0290:fmmtcd]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 4,001
Permutation inference for the general linear model
Winkler, A. M., Ridgway, G. R., Webster, M. A., Smith, S. M., & Nichols, T. E. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.060 · Cited by 3,563
Genetic Dissection of Complex Traits
Lander, E. S., & Schork, N. J. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8091226 · Cited by 3,413
Metadata
- Authors
- Edgington, E. S.
- Venue
- Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-10-15
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1182-1183
- OpenAlex
- W2612575796
- Cited by
- 2,028
- References
- 0
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Randomization Tests. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/0471667196.ess2169
- The paper
- Edgington, E. S. (2004). Randomization Tests. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471667196.ess2169
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.