The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Benzodiazepines for delirium
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Delirium occurs in 30% of hospitalised patients and is associated with prolonged hospital stay and increased morbidity and mortality. The results of uncontrolled studies have been unclear, with some suggesting that benzodiazepines may be useful in controlling non-alcohol related delirium. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and incidence of adverse effects of benzodiazapines in the treatment of non-alcohol withdrawal related delirium. SEARCH STRATEGY: The trials were identified from a search of the Specialized Register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group on 26 February 2008 using the search terms: (deliri* or confusion) and (benzo* or lorazepam," or "alprazolam" or "ativan" or diazepam or valium or chlordiazepam).The CDCIG Specialized Register contains records from major health databases (including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, LILACS) as well as many ongoing trial databases and grey literature sources. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials had to be unconfounded, randomized and with concealed allocation of subjects. Additionally, selected trials had to have assessed patients pre- and post-treatment. Where crossover design was present, only data from the first part of the trial were to be examined. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers extracted data from included trials. Data were pooled where possible, and were to be analysed using appropriate statistical methods. Odd ratios or average differences were to be calculated. Only "intention to treat" data were to be included. MAIN RESULTS: Only one trial satisfying the selection criteria could be identified. In this trial, comparing the effect of the benzodiazepine, lorazepam, with dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist, on delirium among mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients, dexmedetomidine treatment was associated with an increased number of delirium- and coma-free days compared with lorazepam treated patients (dexmedetomidine patients, average seven days; lorazepam patients, average three days; P = 0.01). One partially controlled study showed no advantage of a benzodiazepine (alprazolam) compared with neuroleptics in treating agitation associated with delirium, and another partially controlled study showed decreased effectiveness of a benzodiazepine (lorazepam), and increased adverse effects, compared with neuroleptics (haloperidol, chlorpromazine) for the treatment of acute confusion. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No adequately controlled trials could be found to support the use of benzodiazepines in the treatment of non-alcohol withdrawal related delirium among hospitalised patients, and at this time benzodiazepines cannot be recommended for the control of this condition. Because of the scarcity of trials with randomization of patients, placebo control, and adequate concealment of allocation of subjects, it is clear that further research is required to determine the role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of non-alcohol withdrawal related delirium.
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“However, no evidence for medication efficacy, including cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotic medication, or melatonin exists.287, 288, 289”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [289]
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Sessler, C. N., Gosnell, M. S., Grap, M. J., Brophy, G. M., O'Neal, P. V., Keane, K. A., Tesoro, E. P., & Elswick, R. K. (2002) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.2107138 · Cited by 3,695
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Monitoring Sedation Status Over Time in ICU Patients
Ely, E. W., Truman, B., Shintani, A., Thomason, J. W. W., Wheeler, A. P., Gordon, S., Francis, J., Speroff, T., Gautam, S., Margolin, R. A., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.22.2983 · Cited by 1,704
Pandharipande, P. P., Pun, B. T., Herr, D., Maze, M., Girard, T. D., Miller, R. R., Shintani, A., Thompson, J. L., Jackson, J. C., Deppen, S. A., et al. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.22.2644 · Cited by 1,456
Pandharipande, P. P., Shintani, A., Peterson, J. F., Pun, B. T., Wilkinson, G. R., Dittus, R. S., Bernard, G. R., & Ely, E. W. (2005) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200601000-00005 · Cited by 1,231
Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials
Chalmers, T. C., Celano, P., Sacks, H. S., & Smith, H. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198312013092204 · Cited by 864
Delirium Predicts 12-Month Mortality
McCusker, J., Cole, M. G., Abrahamowicz, M., Primeau, F. J., & Belzile, É. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.4.457 · Cited by 682
A symptom rating scale for delirium
Trzepacz, P. T., Baker, R. W., & Greenhouse, J. B. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90037-6 · Cited by 655
BREITBART, W. S., Marotta, R., Platt, M. M., Weisman, H. W., Derevenco, M., Grau, C., Corbera, K., Raymond, S., Lund, S., & Jacobson, P. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.2.231 · Cited by 613
Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors
Dubois, M.-J., Bergeron, N., Dumont, M., Dial, S., & Skrobik, Y. (2001) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001340101017 · Cited by 609
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1 of the 30 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Adams, 1984, Neuropsychiatric evaluation and treatment of delirium in the critically ill cancer patient, Cancer Bulletin, 36, 156
- American Psychiatric Association, 1994, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Discorders
- Breitbart, 1996, A double-blind trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and lorazepamn in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients, American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 231, 10.1176/ajp.153.2.231 · DOI
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Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 · Cited by 10,430
RetractedFeldheiser, A., Aziz, O., Baldini, G., Cox, B., Fearon, K. C. H., Feldman, L. S., Gan, T. J., Kennedy, R. H., Ljungqvist, O. H., Lobo, D. N., et al. (2015) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aas.12651 · Cited by 756
van Eijk, M. M. J., Roes, K. C. B., Honing, M. L. H., Kuiper, M. A., Karakus, A., van der Jagt, M., Spronk, P. E., van Gool, W. A., van der Mast, R. C., Kesecioğlu, J., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61855-7 · Cited by 374
Hosie, A., Davidson, P. M., Agar, M. R., Sanderson, C. R., & Phillips, J. L. (2012) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216312457214 · Cited by 334
DAS-Taskforce, Baron, R., Binder, A., Biniek, R., Braune, S. A., Buerkle, H., Dall, P., Demirakca, S., Eckardt, R., Eggers, V., et al. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3205/000223 · Cited by 339
Metadata
- Authors
- Lonergan, E., Luxenberg, J., & Areosa Sastre, A.
- Affiliations
- 4 Captain Drive Apt 215 Emeryville CA USA 94608
- Jewish Home (US)
- c/ Mauricio Legendre 17, 5-A Madrid Spain 28046
- ORCID
- Luxenberg, Jay
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-10-07
- Volume
- 2010
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- CD006379-CD006379
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-1858
- PMC
- PMC6669269
- OpenAlex
- W1903577601
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Keywords
- delirium, benzodiazepines, lorazepam, dexmedetomidine, alprazolam, antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, agitation, mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit patients, adverse effects, treatment effectiveness, hospitalized patients, benzodiazepine withdrawal
- MeSH terms
- Benzodiazepines, Delirium, Humans, Lorazepam, Dexmedetomidine
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