Biocatalysis in Non‐conventional Media

Abstract

Enzymes in Organic Solvents Evidence for the Perceived Advantages of Biocatalysts in Organic Media Advantage 1: Enhancement of Solubility of Reactants Advantage 2: Shift of Equilibria in Organic Media Advantage 3: Easier Separation Advantage 4: Enhanced Stability of Enzymes in Organic Solvents Advantage 5: Altered Selectivity of Enzymes in Organic Solvents State of Knowledge of Functioning of Enzymes in Solvents Range of Enzymes, Reactions, and Solvents The Importance of Water in Enzyme Reactions in Organic Solvents Physical Organic Chemistry of Enzymes in Organic Solvents Correlation of Enzyme Performance with Solvent Parameters Optimal Handling of Enzymes in Organic Solvents Enzyme Memory in Organic Solvents Low Activity in Organic Solvents Compared to Water Enhancement of Selectivity of Enzymes in Organic Solvents Novel Reaction Media for Biocatalytic Transformations Substrate as Solvent (Neat Substrates): Acrylamide from Acrylonitrile with Nitrile Hydratase Supercritical Solvents Ionic Liquids Emulsions [Manufacture of Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)] Microemulsions Liquid Crystals Ice–Water Mixtures High-Density Eutectic Suspensions High-Density Salt Suspensions Solid-to-Solid Syntheses Solvent as a Parameter for Reaction Optimization (“Medium Engineering”) Change of Substrate Specificity with Change of ReactionM: Specificity of Serine Proteases Change of Regioselectivity by Organic Solvent Medium Solvent Control of Enantiospecificity of Nifedipines