The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Rare earth elements
Open accessAbstract
The rare earth elements (REE) are soft, silver-coloured metals that tarnish quickly in air and have high melting points. The REE range in abundance in the crust from about the same level as copper and lead down to the same levels as bismuth. There are many potential REE ore deposits in a wide variety of rocks. The world's largest REE deposit at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China has produced REE since the late 1980s and currently accounts for the majority of global REE supply. Most REE mines, such as Bayan Obo, Mountain Pass and Mount Weld, are open-cast operations, involving conventional blast, load and haul techniques. REE have a wide variety of applications and, although they are often used in small quantities, they have become pervasive in many technologies, especially those for improving energy efficiency and in digital technologies. Exploration activity for REE has increased greatly in recent years.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Evaluating Rare Earth Element Availability: A Case with Revolutionary Demand from Clean Technologies
Alonso, E., Sherman, A. M., Wallington, T. J., Everson, M. P., Field, F. R., Roth, R., & Kirchain, R. E. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es203518d · Cited by 1,033
Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies
Massari, S., & Ruberti, M. (2013) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.07.001 · Cited by 873
Rademaker, J. H., Kleijn, R., & Yang, Y. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es305007w · Cited by 344
Goodenough, K. M., Schilling, J., Jonsson, E., Kalvig, P., Charles, N., Tuduri, J., Deady, E. A., Sadeghi, M., Schiellerup, H., Müller, A., et al. (2016) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.09.019 · Cited by 342
The geopolitics of metals and metalloids used for the renewable energy transition
Månberger, A., & Johansson, B. (2019) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100394 · Cited by 141
Metadata
- Authors
- Wall, F.
- Venue
- Critical Metals Handbook
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-12-27
- Pages
- 312-339
- OpenAlex
- W1538927420
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 0
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Rare earth elements. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/9781118755341.ch13
- The paper
- Wall, F. (2014). Rare earth elements. Critical Metals Handbook. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118755341.ch13
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
