Surfactant Science and Technology

Abstract

Preface to the Third Edition. Chapter 1. An Overview of Surfactant Science and Technology. 1.1. A Brief History of Surfactant Science and Technology. 1.2. The Economic Importance of Surfactants. 1.3. Some Traditional and Non-Traditional Applications of Surfactants. 1.3.1. Detergents and Cleaners. 1.3.2. Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. 1.3.3. Textiles and fibers. 1.3.4. Leather and furs. 1.3.5. Paints, Lacquers and Other Coating Products. 1.3.6. Paper and Cellulose Products. 1.3.7. Mining and Ore Flotation. 1.3.8. Metal Processing Industries. 1.3.9. Plant Protection and Pest Control. 1.3.10. Foods and Food Packaging. 1.3.11. The Chemical Industry. 1.3.12. Oilfields Chemicals and Petroleum Production. 1.3.13. Plastics and Composite Materials. 1.3.14. Pharmaceuticals. 1.3.15. Medicine and Biochemical Research. 1.3.16. Other Hi-Tech Areas. 1.4. Surfactant Consumption. 1.5. The Economic and Technological Future. 1.6. Surfactants In the Environment. 1.7. Petrochemical vs. Renewable Oleochemical-based Surfactants. 1.8. A Surfactant Glossary. Chapter 2. The Organic Chemistry of Surfactants. 2.1. Basic Surfactant Building Blocks. 2.1.1. Basic Surfactant Classifications. 2.1.2. Making A Choice. 2.2. The Generic Anatomy of Surfactants. 2.2.1. The Many Faces of Dodecane. 2.2.2. Surfactant Solubilizing Groups. 2.2.3. Common Surfactant Hydrophobic Groups. 2.2.3.1. The Natural Fatty Acids. 2.2.3.2. Saturated Hydrocarbons or Paraffins. 2.2.3.3. Olefins. 2.2.3.4. Alkyl benzenes. 2.2.3.5. Alcohols. 2.2.3.6. Alkyl phenols. 2.2.3.7. Polyoxypropylenes. 2.2.3.8. Fluorocarbons. 2.2.3.9. Silicone Surfactants. 2.2.3.10. Miscellaneous Biological Structures. 2.3. The Systematic Classification of Surfactants. 2.4. Anionic Surfactants. 2.4.1. Sulfate Esters. 2.4.1.1. Fatty Alcohol Sulfates. 2.4.1.2. Sulfated Fatty Acid Condensation Products. 2.4.1.3. Sulfated Ethers. 2.4.1.4. Sulfated Fats and Oils. 2.4.2. Sulfonic Acid Salts. 2.4.2.1. Aliphatic Sulfonates. 2.4.2.2. Alkylaryl Sulfonates. 2.4.2.3. a-Sulfocarboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. 2.4.2.4. Miscellaneous Sulfo-Ester and Amide Surfactants. 2.4.2.5. Alkyl Glyceryl Ether Sulfonates. 2.4.2.6. Lignin sulfonates. 2.4.3. Carboxylate Soaps and Detergents. 2.4.4. Phosphoric Acid Esters and Related Surfactants. 2.5. Cationic Surfactants. 2.6. Nonionic Surfactants. 2.6.1. Polyoxyethylene-Based Surfactants. 2.6.2. Derivatives of Polyglycerols and Other Polyols. 2.6.3. Block Copolymer Nonionic Surfactants. 2.6.4. Miscellaneous Nonionic Surfactants. 2.7. Amphoteric Surfactants. 2.7.1. Imidazoline Derivatives. 2.7.2. Surface Active Betaines and Sulfobetaines. 2.7.3. Phosphatides and Related Amphoteric Surfactants. Problems. Chapter 3. Fluid Surfaces and Interfaces. 3.1. Molecules At Interfaces. 3.2. Interfaces and Adsorption Phenomena. 3.2.1. A Thermodynamic Picture of Adsorption. 3.2.2. Surface and Interfacial Tensions. 3.2.3. The Effect of Surface Curvature. 3.3. The Surface Tension of Solutions. 3.3.1. Surfactants and the Reduction of Surface Tension. 3.3.2. Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Surfactant Structure. Problems. Chapter 4. Surfactants in Solution: Monolayers and Micelles. 4.1. Surfactant Solubility. 4.2. The Phase Spectrum of Surfactants In Solution. 4.3. The History and Development of Micellar Theory. 4.3.1. Manifestations of Micelle Formations. 4.3.2. Thermodynamics of Dilute Surfactant Solutions. 4.3.3. Theories of Micelle Formation. 4.3.4. Free Energy of Micellization. 4.4. Molecular Geometry and the Formation of Association Colloids. 4.5. Experimental Observations of Micellar Systems. 4.5.1. Micellar Aggregation Numbers. 4.5.2. The Critical Micelle Concentration. 4.5.3. The Hydrophobic Group. 4.5.4. The Hydrophilic Group. 4.5.5. Counter-ion Effects on Micellization. 4.5.6. The Effects of Additives On the Micellization Process. 4.5.6.1. Electrolyte Effects on Micelle Formation. 4.5.6.2. The Effect of pH. 4.5.6.3. The Effects of Added Organic Materials. 4.5.7. The Effect of Temperature On Micellization. 4.6. Micelle Formation In Mixed Surfactant Systems. 4.7. Micelle Formation In Nonaqueous Media. 4.7.1. Aggregation in Polar Organic Solvents. 4.7.2. Micelles in Nonpolar Solvents. Problems. Chapter 5. Higher Level Surfactant Aggregate Structures: Liquid Crystals, Continuous Bi-phases, and Microemulsions. 5.1. The Importance of Surfactant Phase Information. 5.2. Amphiphilic Fluids. 5.2.1. Liquid Crystalline, Bicontinuous, and Microemulsion Structures. 5.2.2. Classical Liquid Crystals. 5.2.3. Liquid Crystalline Phases in Simple Binary Systems. 5.3. Temperature and Additive Effects on Phase Behavior. 5.4. Some Current Theoretical Analyses of Novel Mesophases. 5.5. Vesicles and Bilayer Membranes. 5.5.1. Vesicles. 5.5.2. Polymerized Vesicles. 5.6. Biological Membranes. 5.6.1. Some Biological Implications of Mesophases. 5.6.2. Membrane Surfactants and Lipids. 5.7. Microemulsions. 5.7.1. Surfactants, Co-surfactants, and Microemulsion Formation. 5.7.1.1. Ionic Surfactant Systems