Self‐Healing Polyurethanes with Shape Recovery
Abstract
Two new thermoresponsive self‐healing polyurethanes (1DA1T and 1.5DA1T) based on the Diels–Alder (DA) reaction between furan and maleimide moieties are developed that use the shape‐memory effect to bring crack faces into intimate contact such that healing can take place. Unlike other self‐healing polymers, these polymers do not require external forces to close cracks but rather they use the shape‐memory effect to autonomously close the crack. Both polyurethanes have a stable polymer structure and comparable mechanical properties to commercial epoxies. A differential scanning calorimeter is employed to check the glass transition temperature of the polymers as well as the DA and retro‐DA (rDA) reaction temperatures. These DA and rDA reactions are confirmed with variable‐temperature proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Healing efficiency is calculated using a measurement of the failure load from compact tension testing. The results show that the shape‐memory effect can replace external forces to close two crack surfaces and the DA reaction can be repeatedly employed to heal the cracks.
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SMPs are smart stimuli-responsive polymeric materials that can be programmed to a temporary shape and recover their permanent shape upon external stimuli such as temperature, light irradiation, solvents, electrical current, magnetic field, and electromagnetic field.
“Shape-memory polymers (SMPs)1−6 are smart stimuli-responsive polymeric materials, which can be programmed to a specific temporary shape and recover their memorized permanent shape upon the application of external stimuli such as temperature,7−9 light irradiation,10−12 solvents,13,14 electrical current,15,16 magnetic field,17 and electromagnetic field.18”
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- Authors
- Heo, Y., & Sodano, H. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sodano, Henry A.
- ORCID
- Sodano, Henry A.
- Venue
- Advanced Functional Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-05-30
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 33
- Pages
- 5261-5268
- ISSN
- 1616-301X (ISSN-L)
- 1616-3028
- OpenAlex
- W2000773102
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 17.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Functional Materials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Rural Development Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer composites and self-healing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Epoxy Resin Curing Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Keywords
- self-healing polyurethane, shape memory effect, thermoresponsive polymers, Diels-Alder reaction, retro-Diels-Alder reaction, furan-maleimide, crack healing, glass transition temperature, healing efficiency, failure load
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