High‐Rate, Large Capacity, and Long Life Dendrite‐Free Zn Metal Anode Enabled by Trifunctional Electrolyte Additive with a Wide Temperature Range

Abstract

Aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs) have been recognized as promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical energy density and cost‐effectiveness. However, side reactions and Zn dendrite generation during cycling limit their practical application. Herein, ammonium acetate (CH 3 COONH 4) is selected as a trifunctional electrolyte additive to enhance the electrochemical performance of AZIBs. Research findings show that NH 4+ (oxygen ligand) and CH 3 COO– (hydrogenligand) with preferential adsorption on the Zn electrode surface can not only hinder Zn anode directly contact with active H 2 O, but also regulate the pH value of the electrolyte, thus suppressing the parasitic reactions. Additionally, the formed SEI is mainly consisted of Zn 5(CO 3)2(OH)6 with a high Zn 2+ transference number, which could achieve a dendrite‐free Zn anode by homogenizing Zn deposition. Consequently, the Zn||Zn symmetric batteries with CH 3 COONH 4‐based electrolyte can operate steadily at an ultrahigh current density of 40 mA cm–2 with a cumulative capacity of 6880 mAh cm–2, especially stable cycling at −10 °C. The assembled Zn||MnO 2 full cell and Zn||activated carbon capacitor also deliver prominent electrochemical reversibility. This work provides unique understanding of designing multi‐functional electrolyte additive and promotes a long lifespan at ultrahigh current density for AZIBs.