The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis.
Abstract
In their Point of View entitled "Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: A Misleading Model of Multiple Sclerosis," Sriram and Steiner(1) wrote, "The most disappointing aspect of EAE [experimental allergic encephalomyelitis] as a potential model for MS is its almost total inability to point toward a meaningful therapy or therapeutic approach for MS." Actually, EAE has led directly to the development of three therapies approved for use in multiple sclerosis (MS): glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, and natalizumab. Several new approaches to MS are in clinical trials based on positive indications in preclinical work relying on EAE. New clues to the pathogenesis of MS and new potential surrogate markers for MS are shown from research involving EAE when it is critically coupled with actual findings in MS. There are pitfalls in overreliance on the EAE model, or on any animal model for any human disease. Nevertheless, over the past 73 years, the EAE model has proved itself remarkably useful for aiding research on MS.
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“We also studied therapeutic efficacy in the proteolipid protein (PLP)-induced acute mouse EAE, a routinely used model for the autoimmune inflammatory neurodegenerative disease multiple sclerosis [39], [40], in which the involvement of inflammation in the brain enhance the permeability of this difficult to reach organ.”
From Fabrication Principles and Their Contribution to the Superior In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of Nano-Liposomes Remote Loaded with Glucocorticoids (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
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Cites
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A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Natalizumab for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
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Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against α4βl integrin
Yednock, T. A., Cannon, C., Fritz, L. C., Sánchez‐Madrid, F., Steinman, L., & Karin, N. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/356063a0 · Cited by 1,737
Self-citationCopolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
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Self-citationThe Immune Modulator FTY720 Targets Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
Brinkmann, V., Davis, M. D., Heise, C. E., Albert, R., Cottens, S., Hof, R., Bruns, C., Prieschl, E. E., Baumruker, T., HIESTAND, P. C., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c200176200 · Cited by 1,512
Natalizumab plus Interferon Beta-1a for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
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Youssef, S., Stüve, O., Patarroyo, J. C., Ruiz, P. J., Radosevich, J. L., Hur, E. M., Bravo, M., Mitchell, D. J., Sobel, R. A., Steinman, L., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01158 · Cited by 1,096
Self-citationThe Lenercept Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.3.457 · Cited by 1,068
The T Lymphocyte In Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Zamvil, S. S., & Steinman, L. (1990) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.08.040190.003051 · Cited by 1,013
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Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS)
Constantinescu, C. S., Farooqi, N., O'Brien, K., & Gran, B. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x · Cited by 1,523
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Hauser, S. L., & Cree, B. A. C. (2020) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.049 · Cited by 969
Yusuf, A., Almotairy, A. R. Z., Henidi, H. A., Alshehri, O. Y., & Aldughaim, M. S. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15071596 · Cited by 1,008
The Neurobiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Genes, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration
Hauser, S. L., & Oksenberg, J. R. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.011 · Cited by 793
Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology
Stadelmann, C., Timmler, S., Barrantes‐Freer, A., & Simons, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2018 · Cited by 799
Metadata
- Authors
- Steinman, L., & Zamvil, S. S.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steinman, Lawrence
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-06-26
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-21
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W2140830894
- Cited by
- 479
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Multiple Sclerosis Society
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI059709)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Keywords
- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, animal models of disease, translational research, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, MS pathogenesis, surrogate markers, preclinical drug development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Humans, Multiple Sclerosis
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