Synthesis and Post‐Synthesis Transformation of Germanosilicate Zeolites
Abstract
Zeolites are one of the most important heterogeneous catalysts, with a high number of large‐scale industrial applications. While the synthesis of new zeolites remain rather limited, introduction of germanium has substantially increased our ability to not only direct the synthesis of zeolites but also to convert them into new materials post‐synthetically. The smaller Ge‐O‐Ge angles (vs. Si‐O‐Si) and lability of the Ge−O bonds in aqueous solutions account for this behaviour. This Minireview discusses critical aspects of germanosilicate synthesis and their post‐synthesis transformations to porous materials.
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The preferential location and strong directing effect of Ge toward D4r-containing zeolites are attributed to the larger germanium atomic radius, which introduces framework flexibility and high tolerance to relatively acute T-O-T bond angles, resulting in zeolites having low framework densities.
“The preferential location and strong directing effect toward D4r-containing zeolites have been attributed to the larger germanium atomic radius,72−74 which introduces framework flexibility and high tolerance in the crystal structure to relatively acute T–O–T bond angles resulting in zeolites having low framework densities as predicted by Brunner.75”
From Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
New zeolites can be obtained by topotactic transformation in which labile atoms are removed by mild secondary treatments followed by condensation or pillarization of remaining zeolitic layers, providing new fully ordered microporous materials.
“On the other hand, new zeolites can be obtained by topotactic transformation in which some labile atoms are removed by mild secondary treatments followed by condensation or pillarization of the remaining zeolitic layers, providing new fully ordered microporous materials.72,103,124−126”
From Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
Cites
Framework density distribution of zeolite-type tetrahedral nets
Bnmner, G. O., & Meier, W. M. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/337146a0 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“Ab initio” synthesis of zeolites for preestablished catalytic reactions
Gallego, E. M., Portilla, M. T., Paris, C., León-Escamilla, A., Boronat, M., Moliner, M., & Corma, A. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal0121 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Translating new materials discoveries in zeolite research to commercial manufacture
Zones, S. I. (2011) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.03.039 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
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Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects
Pérez-Botella, E., Valencia, S., & Rey, F. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00140 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works
The Role of Water Loading and Germanium Content in Germanosilicate Hydrolysis
Jin, M., Veselý, O., Heard, C. J., Kubů, M., Nachtigall, P., Čejka, J., & Grajciar, L. (2021) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06873 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Opanasenko, M., Shamzhy, M., Wang, Y., Yan, W., Nachtigall, P., & Čejka, J.
- Affiliations
- Charles University (CZ)
- Jilin University (CN)
- Department of Physical & Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 8 Prague 12843 Czech Republic
- Venue
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-08-07
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 44
- Pages
- 19380-19389
- ISSN
- 1433-7851 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-3773
- OpenAlex
- W3033258252
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 0.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000417)
- Univerzita Karlova v Praze (PRIMUS/17/SCI/22)
- Grantová Agentura České Republiky (20-12099S, 19-27551X)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1967215, 21835002, 21621001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Zeolite Catalysis and Synthesis
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Chemical Synthesis and Characterization
- Keywords
- germanosilicate zeolites, zeolite synthesis, porous media, heterogeneous catalysis, germanium substitution
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