A Life Table for Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis: Initial Insights Into Ornithischian Dinosaur Population Biology
Open accessAbstract
Very little is known about nonavian dinosaur population biology. Multi‐individual sampling and longevity estimation using growth line counts can be used to construct life tables—the foundation for population analyses in ecology. Here we have determined the size and age distribution for a sample consisting of 80 individuals of the small ornithischian, Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis from the early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. Their ages ranged from less than a year to eleven years and the distribution was strongly right‐skewed. This is consistent with taphonomic interpretations that these animals derive from a catastrophic death assemblage. The static life table analysis revealed the same general pattern of survivorship as tyrannosaurs including increased attrition before the attainment of full adult size. This may reflect increased physiological demands and/or predation exposure associated with reproduction. Collectively these findings suggest that most nonavian dinosaurs may have had a similar life history strategy. Anat Rec, 292:1514–1521, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Archaeopteryx showed exponential growth rates like non-avialan dinosaurs.
“Growth analysis for Archaeopteryx suggests that these animals showed exponential growth rates like non-avialan dinosaurs”
From Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx (2009) · cites this paper as [31]
These rates compare favorably with expectations of 1.83 to 1.87 g/day for a same-sized non-avialan dinosaur.
“These rates compare favorably with the expectations of 1.83 to 1.87 g/day for a same-sized non-avialan dinosaur (Figure 9) [31].”
From Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx (2009) · cites this paper as [31]
Whole body maximal growth rates for non-avialan dinosaurs are within the range expected for endotherms.
“Erickson and colleagues [31], [44], [45] have shown that whole body maximal growth rates for non-avialan dinosaurs are within the range expected for endotherms.”
From Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx (2009) · cites this paper as [31]
Cites
The Microstructure of Dinosaur Bone
Chinsamy-Turan, A. (2005) · doi:10.56021/9780801881206 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
The Microstructure of Dinosaur Bone: Deciphering Biology with Fine-Scale Techniques.
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-2219 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx
Erickson, G. M., Rauhut, O. W. M., Zhou, Z., Turner, A. H., Inouye, B. D., Hu, D., & Norell, M. A. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007390 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationCope's rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution
Benson, R., Hunt, G., Carrano, M. T., & Campione, N. E. (2017) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12329 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“Skeletal maturity was assessed from published histological studies (e.g. Erickson et al. 2006, 2009a, b, 2010; Lee & Werning 2008; Benton et al. 2010; }Osi et al. 2012; Werning 2012) and qualitative indicators such as the fusion of neurocentral and neurocranial sutures.”
MethodAssessing ontogenetic maturity in extinct saurian reptiles
Griffin, C. T., Stocker, M. R., Colleary, C., Stefanic, C. M., Lessner, E. J., Riegler, M. S., Formoso, K. K., Koeller, K. L. M., & Nesbitt, S. J. (2020) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12666 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Woodward, H. N., Fowler, E. A. F., Farlow, J. O., & Horner, J. R. (2015) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2015.19 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“…pattern observed in Maiasaura – presumed high juvenile mortality, followed by a mortality plateau, and lastly elevated adult mortality – was previously reported for the basal ceratopsid Psittacosaurus (Erickson et al. 2009) and for the tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus (Erickson et al. 2006, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.011
Gingerich, P. D. (2009) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173457 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Erickson, G. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054858 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, Q., Benton, M. J., Sullivan, C., Sander, P. M., & Xu, X. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3079 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Revisiting the Estimation of Dinosaur Growth Rates
Myhrvold, N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081917 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
An Evolutionary Cascade Model for Sauropod Dinosaur Gigantism - Overview, Update and Tests
Sander, P. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078573 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hedrick, B. P., & Dodson, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069265 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“…[School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing China] 1053, 1054, IVPP V14341) [6,34] or were behind glass and could not be digitized (see [12], table 1 for the LPM [Liaoning Paleontological Museum, Shenyang Normal University, She-nyang, China] specimen list currently on display).”
InfluentialNew chronostratigraphic constraints on the Yixian Formation with implications for the Jehol Biota
Chang, S.-C., Gao, K.-Q., Zhou, C.-F., & Jourdan, F. (2017) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.09.026 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationErickson, G. M., Zelenitsky, D. K., Kay, D. I., & Norell, M. A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1613716114 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationGriebeler, E. M., Klein, N., & Sander, P. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A distinct dinosaur life history?
Varricchio, D. J. (2010) · Historical Biology · doi:10.1080/08912963.2010.500379 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“This multiple-year growth pattern appears to have extended into Mesozoic birds as well (Chinsamy et al. 1995; de Ricqlès et al. 2001; Erickson et al. 2009b).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDevelopmental palaeontology of Reptilia as revealed by histological studies
Scheyer, T. M., Klein, N., & Sander, P. M. (2009) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Nest of Protoceratops andrewsi (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)
Fastovsky, D., Weishampel, D., Watabe, M., Barsbold, R., Tsogtbaatar, K., & Narmandakh, P. (2011) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1666/11-008.1 · Cited by 41
“Along with aggregations of Psittacosaurus from Early Cretaceous deposits of Liaoning, China (Meng et al., 2004; Erickson et al., 2009), this specimen reaffirms the idea that young dinosaurs remained in the nest for a significant time after hatching, and therefore that parental care was likely…”
BackgroundLong and girdle bone histology ofStegosaurus: implications for growth and life history
Redelstorff, R., & Sander, P. M. (2009) · Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology · doi:10.1671/039.029.0420 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Recent works on ceratopsian bone histology include Psittacosaurus mongoliensis by Erickson and Tumanova (2000) and Erickson et al. (2009), and Protoceratops and Pachyrhinosaurus by Chinsamy (1994).”
BackgroundFarlow, J. O., Coroian, I. D., & Foster, J. R. (2010) · Historical Biology · doi:10.1080/08912961003787598 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…physiology is arguably approaching consensus; dinosaurian metabolic rates are almost certainly constrained at the low end by extrapolations from varanid lizards (McNab 2009b), and at the high end by the lower range of values for modern endotherms, such as marsupials (Erickson et al. 2009a, 2009b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialErickson, G., & Druckenmiller, P. (2011) · Historical Biology · doi:10.1080/08912963.2010.546856 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“We feel that Lehman’s (2007) estimates are unrealistic since they largely stem from the assumption that dinosaurs grew for the most part like living ectothermic reptiles, a view that does not fit most contemporary growth models (e.g. Padian et al. 2001; Chinsamy and Hillenius 2004; Lee and Werning 2008; Erickson et al…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationTaborda, J. R. A., Cerda, I. A., & Desojo, J. B. (2013) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp379.19 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Similar studies in several dinosaur lineages were conducted in the last decade (e.g. Erickson et al. 2004, 2006, 2009) and shed light on the palaeobiology of these groups, as was the case in Tyrannosaurus (Erickson 2005).”
ResultCodron, D., Carbone, C., & Clauss, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077110 · Cited by 34
Erickson, G., Currie, P., Inouye, B., & Winn, A. (2010) · doi:10.1139/e10-051 · Cited by 34
“2006) and presumably all non-avian dinosaur populations (Erickson et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationJuvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur Psittacosaurus
Zhao, Q. (2013) · Acta Palaeontologica Polonica · doi:10.4202/app.2012.0128 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Erickson et al. (2009) suggested that Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis appears to have reached threshold sizes somewhere between 3 and 4 years old, as these animals were entering the transition to the exponential stage of growth when they would have explosively increased in body mass.”
BackgroundInfluentialOn the Unique Perspective of Paleontology in the Study of Developmental Evolution and Biases
Urdy, S., Wilson, L. A. B., Haug, J. T., & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2013) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1007/s13752-013-0115-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Nonavian dinosaurs may thus have had a life history influenced by ‘‘increased physiological demands and/or predation exposure associated with reproduction’’ (Erickson et al. 2009, p. 1514).”
BackgroundThe paleobiology and paleoecology of South African Lystrosaurus
Botha, J. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10408 · Cited by 32
“However, there is a variety of research to suggest that dinosaurs were at least partially endothermic (e.g., Erickson et al., 2009; Grady et al., 2014; Legendre et al., 2016; Rezende et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHedrick, B. P., Gao, C., Tumarkin‐Deratzian, A. R., Shen, C., Holloway, J. L., Zhang, F., Hankenson, K. D., Liu, S., Anné, J., & Dodson, P. (2016) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23363 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Similar to more proximal sections in other dinosaurs, including Psittacosaurus, the section was primarily composed of trabecular bone with only a small rim of cortical bone along the outer bone surface (Erickson et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2013, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultPost‐hatchling cranial ontogeny in the Early Triassic diapsid reptile Proterosuchus fergusi
Ezcurra, M., & Butler, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.12300 · Cited by 29
“…in their first year of life (see above), first-year growth rates are considerably lower in many other archosauromorph species (e.g. 15.7% of maximum total body length in extant crocodiles: Huchzermeyer, 2003; 15.3% of maximum femoral length in Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis: Erickson et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialProtracted growth impedes the detection of sexual dimorphism in non‐avian dinosaurs
Hone, D. W. E., & Mallon, J. C. (2017) · doi:10.1111/pala.12298 · Cited by 28
Saitta, E., Stockdale, M., Longrich, N., Bonhomme, V., Benton, M., Cuthill, I., & Makovicky, P. (2020) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa105 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationOntogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology
Zhao, Q., Benton, M., Hayashi, S., & Xu, X. (2019) · Acta Palaeontologica Polonica · doi:10.4202/app.00559.2018 · Cited by 24
“By contrast, the largest known P. lujiatunensis femur measures 202 mm (Erickson et al. 2009) and must have been close to final size because the largest femur sampled in the present study is only about 160 mm long but appears almost fully grown on the basis of histology.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRogers, C., Hone, D., McNamara, M., Zhao, Q., Orr, P., Kearns, S., & Benton, M. (2015) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.037 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dinosaur Energetics: Setting the Bounds on Feasible Physiologies and Ecologies
Clarke, A. (2013) · American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/671259 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Radermacher, V. J., Fernández, V., Schachner, E. R., Butler, R. J., Bordy, E. M., Hudgins, M., de Klerk, W. J., Chapelle, K. E. J., & Choiniere, J. N. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.66036 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The exquisitely preserved integument of Psittacosaurus and the scaly skin of ceratopsian dinosaurs
Bell, P. R., Hendrickx, C., Pittman, M., Kaye, T. G., & Mayr, G. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“5 of Erickson et al. 88 and Supplementary Table S2 of Zhao et al. 89 ).”
Napoli, J. G., Hunt, T., Erickson, G., & Norell, M. (2019) · American Museum Novitates · doi:10.1206/3932.1 · Cited by 20
“The juveniles grew at a rate comparable to similarly-sized nonavian dinosaurs (Erickson et al., 2009; Bo et al., 2016) and were prey for contemporary predatory mammals such as Repenomamus giganticus (Hu et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHedrick, B., Gao, C.-L., Omar, G., Zhang, F.-J., Shen, C.-Z., & Dodson, P. (2014) · doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.06.015 · Cited by 20
Steinsaltz, D., & Orzack, S. (2011) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/08056.1 · Cited by 16
“…the lower boundaries and all the upper boundaries of, say, 95% confidence intervals for adjacent estimates of age-specific survivorship does not generate the 95% confidence region for a survivorship curve; Erickson et al. (2006, 2009) use this incorrect method of constructing the confidence region.”
MethodHan, F.-L., Zhao, Q., Stiegler, J., & Xu, X. (2020) · Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology · doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1768538 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This approach has been applied to the non-neoceratopsian ceratopsian Psittacosaurus (Erickson and Tumanova, 2000; Erickson et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2019), the small ornithopodsGasparinisaura cincosaltensis (Cerda and Chinsamy, 2012), the iguanodontians Dryosaurus (Horner et al., 2009),…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDinosaur Metabolism and the Allometry of Maximum Growth Rate
Myhrvold, N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163205 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Anatomical and Functional Evolution of the Femoral Fourth Trochanter in Ornithischian Dinosaurs
Persons, W., & Currie, P. (2020) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.24094 · Cited by 14
“In others Psittacosaurus species, only a weak pendant process appears present (as in P. lujiatunensis) (Erickson et al., 2009), although the existent of fourth trochanter preservation among Psittacosaurus specimens is known to vary with taphonomy (Hedrick et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDinosaurs in the Year of Darwin
Dodson, P. (2009) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.20981 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Erickson et al. (2009) use skeletochronology to construct the firstever life history table for an ornithischian, Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis.”
MethodModularity and heterochrony in the evolution of the ceratopsian dinosaur frill
Prieto-Márquez, A., Garcia-Porta, J., Joshi, S. H., Norell, M., & Makovicky, P. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6361 · Cited by 13
Self-citationA new specimen of Torvosaurus tanneri originally collected by Elmer Riggs
Hanson, M., & Makovicky, P. (2014) · doi:10.1080/08912963.2013.853056 · Cited by 13
“A fourth option is that Torvosaurus experienced Type B1 population survivorship as has been found in other dinosaurs (Erickson et al. 2006, 2009), with mortality increasing after sexual maturity was achieved leading to an abundance of mature individuals in the fossil record.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPost-Metamorphic Development of Early Cretaceous Frogs as a Tool for Taxonomic Comparisons
Roček, Z., Wang, Y., & Dong, L.-P. (2012) · doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.700666 · Cited by 13
Farlow, J. O., Coroian, D. I., Currie, P. J., Foster, J. R., Mallon, J. C., & Therrien, F. (2022) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.25024 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wyenberg-Henzler, T., Patterson, R. T., & Mallon, J. C. (2021) · Historical Biology · doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2010191 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Such data are not available for either ankylosaurs or the small ornithischian groups; however, for the sake of argument, we imputed the survivorship data for Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis (Erickson et al. 2009) to the latter.”
BackgroundMaiorino, L., Farke, A. A., Kotsakis, T., Raia, P., & Piras, P. (2017) · Cretaceous Research · doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.012 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhao, B., Hedrick, B. P., Chunling, G., Tumarkin‐Deratzian, A. R., Zhang, F., Shen, C., & Dodson, P. (2016) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23324 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The equation given by Erickson et al. (2009) was y 5 0.0615 x – 1.9214.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHedrick, B., Goldsmith, E., Rivera-Sylva, H. E., Fiorillo, A., Tumarkin-Deratzian, A. R., & Dodson, P. (2020) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.24099 · Cited by 10
“Basal ceratopsians such as Psittacosaurus show substantial variation in primary bone orientation through development suggesting age related changes in growth rate (Erickson and Tumanova, 2000; Erickson et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialBody Temperatures in Dinosaurs: What Can Growth Curves Tell Us?
Griebeler, E. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074317 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Intelligent Objective Osteon Segmentation Based on Deep Learning
Qin, Z., Qin, F., Li, Y., & Yu, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2022.783481 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.013
Problems in Erickson et al. 2009
Myhrvold, N. (2014) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23101 · Cited by 9
“The following rows are the regression results from different software packages with the full data set (Table 1 of Erickson et al. 2009) or variations on that data set described in the text.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLandi, D., King, L., Zhao, Q., Rayfield, E., & Benton, M. (2021) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12529 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…in ceratopsians is debated because specimens of nesting structures, eggs or newly hatched juveniles are rare (Brown & Schlaikjer 1940; Horner 1982; Fastovsky et al. 2011; Hedrick & Dodson 2013), a preservation bias possibly reflecting the non-biomineralized egg-shell in basal members of the clade…”
BackgroundHübner, T., Foth, C., Heinrich, W., Schwarz, D., & Bussert, R. (2021) · Acta Palaeontologica Polonica · doi:10.4202/app.00687.2019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“lujiatunensis (Erickson et al. 2009a) and the hadrosaurid M.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFlawed Analysis? A Response to Myhrvold
Erickson, G., Makovicky, P., Inouye, B., Zhou, C.-F., & Gao, K.-Q. (2015) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23187 · Cited by 6
“In our reanalysis we did however discover that there is an omitted data point in the figure 6 graphic from Erickson et al. (2009) (the individual LPM R00142 aged at 2 years).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAn extraordinary fossil captures the struggle for existence during the Mesozoic
Han, G., Mallon, J. C., Lussier, A. J., Wu, X., Mitchell, R., & Li, L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37545-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pérez-Pérez, A., Bravo-Cuevas, V. M., & Fernandez, P. (2020) · Journal of South American Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103100 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ceniceros, J. M., Masrour, M., Boutakiout, M., Extremiana, J. I., & Pérez-Lorente, F. (2024) · Journal of African Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105389 · Cited by 3
Oldest preserved umbilical scar reveals dinosaurs had ‘belly buttons’
Bell, P. R., Hendrickx, C., Pittman, M., & Kaye, T. G. (2022) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01329-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[11] and Supplementary table S2 of Zhao et al.”
BackgroundBaag, S. J., & Lee, Y. (2022) · Cretaceous Research · doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105150 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gastroliths in hatchling Psittacosaurus show early dietary habits
Wang, L., Li, X., Wen, Q., Chen, J., & Reisz, R. R. (2025) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-025-1759-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…have been conducted on Psittacosaurus , including its skeleton (Mayr et al., 2002), limb function (Senter, 2007; Zhao et al., 2013a), growth rate (Erickson and Tumanova, 2000; Erickson et al., 2009), diet behavior (Sereno et al., 2010), and the hypothesis of gastrolith function (Sereno, 1990).”
López, B. J. V., Sellés, A., Prieto-Márquez, A., & Vila, B. (2025) · Swiss Journal of Palaeontology · doi:10.1186/s13358-024-00346-1 · Cited by 2
“However, fewer nests and specimens is something to be expected, not only because their carni-vore niche would have made theropod populations less abundant than those of phytophagous dinosaurs (Cho & Lee, 2013; Erickson et al., 2009), but, more importantly, because of a preservational bias.”
Han, F., Zhao, Q., Hu, J., & Xu, X. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.18761 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vital statistics, absolute abundance and preservation rate of Tyrannosaurus rex
Griebeler, E. (2023) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12648 · Cited by 2
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.003
Ishikawa, A., Zheng, W.-J., Imai, T., Hattori, S., Shibata, M., Kawabe, S., & Jin, X.-S. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.19547 · Cited by 1
“…more recent analyses on the family Psittacosauridae have regarded IVPP V12617 as a species of Psittacosaurus ( P. lujiatunensis in particular) ( Erickson et al., 2009 ; Zhao et al., 2013 ; Han et al., 2016 ; Taylor et al., 2017 ; Han et al., 2018 ; Bullar et al., 2019 ; Zhao et al., 2019 ;…”
Dinosaurian survivorship schedules revisited: new insights from an age‐structured population model
Griebeler, E. (2021) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12576 · Cited by 1
A crocodylian-style cloaca in a non-avialan dinosaurPreprint
Bell, P. R., Pittman, M., Kaye, T. G., & Hendrickx, C. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.11.335398 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Phenotypic Change in Experimental Lineages
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Temporal Scaling and Evolutionary Mode
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Paul, G. (2017) · International journal of earth sciences · doi:10.1007/s00531-017-1509-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, L., Maho, T., Chen, J., Young, J. M., & Reisz, R. R. (2026) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.113931
王, 珑., 李, 晓., 温, 泉., 陈, 军., & Reisz, R. R. (2025) · SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae · doi:10.1360/n072025-0146
Zheng, W.-J., Zhao, Q., Barrett, P. M., & Xu, X. (2025) · Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology · doi:10.1080/02724634.2025.2566325
“This indicates that the local apposition rate differed greatly along the circumference of the bone, evidence of cortical drift (Erickson & Tumanova, 2000; Erickson et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2019).”
Olsen, P. E., MacLennan, S., Sha, J., Kinney, S., Chang, C., Fang, Y., Liu, J., Slibeck, B. B., Chen, E., & Schoene, B. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2423567122
Directional Selection, Stabilizing Selection, and Random Drift
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.007
Retrospective on Punctuated Equilibria
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.012
Rate Perspective on Early Bursts of Evolution
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.015
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.017
Random Walks and Brownian Diffusion
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.005
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.001
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Independent Contrasts: Phylogeny’s Influence on Phenotypes
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.014
Phenotypic Change Documented in Field Studies
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.009
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.018
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.016
Phenotypic Change in the Fossil Record
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644.010
Response to formal comment on Myhrvold (2016) submitted by Griebeler and Werner (2017)
Myhrvold, N. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192912
Geburt, Tod und Wanderbewegungen
Begon, M. E., Howarth, R. W., & Townsend, C. R. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49906-1_5
- Authors
- Erickson, G. M., Makovicky, P. J., Inouye, B. D., Zhou, C., & Gao, K.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- Field Museum of Natural History (US)
- Shenyang Normal University (CN)
- Peking University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Erickson, Gregory M.
- Venue
- The Anatomical Record
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-08-26
- Volume
- 292
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1514-1521
- ISSN
- 1932-8486 (ISSN-L)
- 1932-8494
- OpenAlex
- W2166255065
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Anatomical Record (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0446224)
- Shenyang Normal University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Keywords
- life tables, ornithischian dinosaurs, population biology, age distribution, survivorship, life history strategies, Yixian Formation, Cretaceous, taphonomy, death assemblages, predation
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Anatomy, Comparative, Animals, Bone Development, Longevity, Paleontology, Population Dynamics, Social Behavior, Survival Rate, Dinosaurs, Body Size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
