Relationship between early motor milestones and severity of restricted and repetitive behaviors in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Open accessAbstract
This study explored the relationships between the later age of achievement of early motor milestones, current motor atypicalities (toe walking), and the severity of restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parents of 147 children and adolescents with ASD (Mage = 8.09 years, SD = 4.28; 119 males) completed an early developmental milestones questionnaire and the Social Responsiveness Scale as a measure of Insistence on Sameness (IS) and Repetitive Mannerisms (RM). Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to test whether RM and IS behaviors were predicted by early motor milestones, or current toe walking. The final model predicting RM accounted for 15% of the variance (F = 3.02, p = .009), with toe walking as a unique and independent predictor of RM scores (t = 3.568, p = .001). The final model predicting IS accounted for 19.1% of variance in IS scores (F = 4.045, p = .001), with chronological age (CA) (t = 2.92, p = .004), age when first standing (t = 2.09, p = .038), and toe walking (t = 2.53, p = .013) as unique independent predictors. Toe walking (t = 2.4, p = .018) and age when first sitting (t = 2.08, p = .04) predicted the severity of RRBs on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (F = 2.334, p = .036). Our study replicates previous findings on the relationship between concurrent motor impairments and RRBs, and provides the first evidence for the association between RRBs and age of attainment of early motor milestones. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1163–1168. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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This finding is in line with data of Uljarevic and colleagues that highlighted the predictive role of early motor development and motor atypicalities, for example toe walking, on social responsiveness abilities and on the severity of ASD symptoms.
“This finding is line also with data of Uljarevic’ and colleagues that highlighted the predictive role of early motor development and of motor atypicalities, for example toe walking, on social responsiveness abilities and on the severity of ASD symptoms [50].”
From Sensory Profile of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Tip-Toe Behavior: Results of an Observational Pilot Study (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
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References 59 · Cited by 42
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Arnott, B., McConachie, H., Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Le Couteur, A., Turner, M., . . . Leekam S. (2010). The frequency of restricted and repetitive behaviors in a community sample of 15-month old infants. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 223-229.
- Bodfish, J. W., Parker, D. E., Lewis, M. H., Sprague, R. L., & Newell, K. M. (2001). Stereotypy and motor control: differences in the postural stability dynamics of persons with stereotyped and dyskinetic movement disorders. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 106(2), 123-134.
- Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2012). The Social Responsiveness Scale Manual, Second Edition (SRS-2). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
- Evans, D.W., Lewis, M., & Iobst, E. (2004). The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in normally developing compulsive behaviors and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain & Cognition, 55(1), 220-234.
- Ridler, K., Veijola, J. M., Tanskanen, P., Miettunen, J., Chitnis, X., Suckling, J., … Bullmore, E. T. (2006). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(42), 15651-15656.
- Thelen, E., Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamical systems approach to the development of perception and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Authors
- Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Alvares, G. A., Varcin, K. J., & Whitehouse, A. J. O.
- Affiliations
- La Trobe University (AU)
- The Kids Research Institute Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Uljarević, Mirko
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-03-16
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1163-1168
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3806
- OpenAlex
- W2595230362
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NHMRC (APP1077966)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, motor milestones, restricted and repetitive behaviors, toe walking, insistence on sameness, motor development, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Severity of Illness Index, Stereotypic Movement Disorder
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