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Mouse and Rat Anesthesia and Analgesia
Open accessAbstract
Anesthesia and analgesia play pivotal roles in ethically and humanely using animal models in research, especially concerning mice and rats. These rodent species, extensively utilized in scientific investigations due to their genetic resemblance to humans, serve as invaluable tools for studying diseases and testing treatments. Proper anesthesia and analgesia not only prioritize animal welfare but also heighten experimental validity by minimizing stress‐induced physiological responses. Recent years have seen remarkable advancements in anesthesia for mice and rats. The focus has shifted away from the ‘one size fits all’ toward tailoring anesthesia protocols, considering factors like age, strain, and the nature of the experimental procedure. The use of inhalation agents such as isoflurane and sevoflurane is often preferred due to their rapid induction and recovery characteristics, allowing precise control over anesthesia depth. However, refinements in injectable anesthetic agents also provide researchers the flexibility to select suitable agents based on study requirements. Additionally, progress in analgesic techniques has led to effective pain management strategies for these rodents. Common analgesics such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and local anesthetics are administered to alleviate pain and discomfort. However, standard practice also involves continuous monitoring of animals' behavior and physiological parameters, ensuring timely adjustments in analgesic regimens for optimal pain relief without compromising experimental outcomes. By integrating tailored anesthesia and analgesia protocols into the experimental design, researchers uphold high animal welfare standards while obtaining reliable scientific data. This contributes significantly to advancing medical knowledge and therapeutic interventions with reproducible results. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1 : Injectable anesthesia for mouse and rat Basic Protocol 2 : Inhalant anesthesia using isoflurane for mouse and rat Basic Protocol 3 : Analgesia for mice and rats
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“meaning that these cohorts were in a state of post-anesthesia recovery and NOT anesthetizied for 92% (11 of 12 hours) of the experiments10.”
From A curious concept of CNS clearance (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
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“PENTO induces an anesthetic plane for 10–300 minutes, KET-XYL for 30–45 minutes, and DEX (with KET) for 20–30 minutes”
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A curious concept of CNS clearance
Plá, V., Kroesbergen, E., Deng, S., Giannetto, M. J., Hablitz, L. M., Newbold, E., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Esmail, T., Gomolka, R. S., Mori, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01897-3 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Oh, S. S., & Narver, H. L.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Narver, Heather L.
- ORCID
- Oh, Sang Su
- Venue
- Current Protocols
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-02
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e995-e995
- ISSN
- 2691-1299 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10914332
- OpenAlex
- W4392170701
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 13
- FWCI
- 73.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Protocols (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 NS999999)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (ZIGNS009444)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Keywords
- anesthesia, analgesia, mice, rats, isoflurane, sevoflurane, inhalational anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, local anesthetics, animal welfare, depth of anesthesia monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Analgesia, Analgesics, Anesthesia, Anesthetics, Local, Animals, Humans, Isoflurane, Pain, Mice, Rats, Pain Management
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