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Applying geomorphological principles and engineering science to develop a phased Sediment Management Plan for Mount St Helens, Washington

Sclafani, Paul, Nygaard, Chris, Thorne, Colin·2018·Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
DOI 10.1002/esp.4277
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Abstract

Thirty‐seven years post‐eruption, erosion of the debris avalanche at Mount St Helens continues to supply sediment to the Toutle–Cowlitz River system in quantities that have the potential to lower the Level of Protection (LoP) against flooding unacceptably, making this one of the most protracted gravel‐bed river disasters to date. The Portland District, US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recently revised its long‐term plan for sediment management (originally published in 1985), in order to maintain the LoP above the Congressionally‐authorized level, while reducing impacts on fish currently listed under the Endangered Species Act, and minimizing the overall cost of managing sediment derived from erosion at Mount St Helens. In revising the plan, the USACE drew on evidence gained from sediment monitoring, modelling and uncertainty analysis, coupled with assessment of future LoP trends under a baseline scenario (continuation of the 1985 sediment management strategy) and feasible alternatives. They applied geomorphological principles and used engineering science to develop a phased Sediment Management Plan that allows for uncertainty concerning future sediment yields by implementing sediment management actions only as, and when, necessary. The phased plan makes best use of the potential to enhance the sediment trap efficiency and storage capacity of the existing Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) by incrementally raising its spillway and using novel hydraulic structures to build islands in the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) and steepen the gradient of the sediment plain upstream of the structure. Dredging is held in reserve, to be performed only when necessary to react to unexpectedly high sedimentation events or when the utility of other measures has been expended. The engineering‐geomorphic principles and many of the measures in the phased Sediment Management Plan are transferrable to other gravel‐bed river disasters. The overriding message is that monitoring and adaptive management are crucial components of long‐term sediment‐disaster management, especially in volcanic landscapes where future sediment yields are characterized by uncertainty and natural variability. © 2017 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Figure 1 Location map showing Mount St Helens, the Toutle -Cowlitz drainage system extending to the Columbia River, the extent of the debris avalanche, lakes dammed by the debris avalanche, locations of the N-1 dam, Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) and Fish Capture Facility (FCF), and communities along the lower Cowlitz River that are at risk of flooding. Note that most of the debris avalanche itself lies within the Mount St Helens Volcanic Monument, which eliminates options for erosion and sediment source control. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 1 Location map showing Mount St Helens, the Toutle -Cowlitz drainage system extending to the Columbia River, the extent of the debris avalanche, lakes dammed by the debris avalanche, locations of the N-1 dam, Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) and Fish Capture Facility (FCF), and communities along the lower Cowlitz River that are at risk of flooding. Note that most of the debris avalanche itself lies within the Mount St Helens Volcanic Monument, which eliminates options for erosion and sediment source control. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Sequence of events during the first minute of the eruption on 18 May 1980. (A) pre-eruption condition, (B) massive, three-block landslide, (C) lateral blast and pyroclastic flow, (D) debris avalanche burying upper course of North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) to a maximum depth of 140 m. Note: Following the initial event a layer of ash was deposited over the area around the volcano, and lahars and shallow-water floods redistributed debris avalanche and pyroclastic flow sediments downstream through the Toutle -Cowlitz system as far as the Columbia River (see Figure 1) (courtesy of USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory).
Figure 2 Sequence of events during the first minute of the eruption on 18 May 1980. (A) pre-eruption condition, (B) massive, three-block landslide, (C) lateral blast and pyroclastic flow, (D) debris avalanche burying upper course of North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) to a maximum depth of 140 m. Note: Following the initial event a layer of ash was deposited over the area around the volcano, and lahars and shallow-water floods redistributed debris avalanche and pyroclastic flow sediments downstream through the Toutle -Cowlitz system as far as the Columbia River (see Figure 1) (courtesy of USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) and sediment plain in winter 2012 -2013 (following implementation of the first spillway raise, in summer, 2012) (courtesy of USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 3 Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) and sediment plain in winter 2012 -2013 (following implementation of the first spillway raise, in summer, 2012) (courtesy of USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Record of changes in the trap efficiency of the Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) in relation to key events including sediment stored upstream reaching the original spillway crest (March 1998), construction of the Grade Building Structure (GBS) pilot project (summer 2010) and implementation of the pilot spillway raise (summer 2012). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 4 Record of changes in the trap efficiency of the Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) in relation to key events including sediment stored upstream reaching the original spillway crest (March 1998), construction of the Grade Building Structure (GBS) pilot project (summer 2010) and implementation of the pilot spillway raise (summer 2012). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 Sedimentation in the lower Cowlitz River related to the 2006 flood. Such deposition has the potential to rapidly and significantly reduce the Level of Protection (LoP) provided by the lower Cowlitz floodway and levee system. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 5 Sedimentation in the lower Cowlitz River related to the 2006 flood. Such deposition has the potential to rapidly and significantly reduce the Level of Protection (LoP) provided by the lower Cowlitz floodway and levee system. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Annual sediment yields to the Sediment Retention Structure (SRS). The 1996 and 2006 floods can be seen to interrupt the longerterm decline in sediment yields, indicating that the fluvial system remains sensitive to disturbance by flood events. The 1996 event was the flood of record. The 2006 flood had a return period of only ~20years but generated a spike in sediment loads due to an avulsion in Loowit Creek -a headwater stream in the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) basin. Note: This plot uses ' water years ' that start on 1 October and end on 30 September. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 6 Annual sediment yields to the Sediment Retention Structure (SRS). The 1996 and 2006 floods can be seen to interrupt the longerterm decline in sediment yields, indicating that the fluvial system remains sensitive to disturbance by flood events. The 1996 event was the flood of record. The 2006 flood had a return period of only ~20years but generated a spike in sediment loads due to an avulsion in Loowit Creek -a headwater stream in the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) basin. Note: This plot uses ' water years ' that start on 1 October and end on 30 September. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 Grade building structures installed in the 2010 Pilot Project. Inset orthophoto shows (a) cutoff berm, (b) cross-valley step-weir and baffle structure, and (c) island building structures. Main picture shows Engineered Log Jam island building structures in area outlined in red in the orthophoto three years after their installation. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 7 Grade building structures installed in the 2010 Pilot Project. Inset orthophoto shows (a) cutoff berm, (b) cross-valley step-weir and baffle structure, and (c) island building structures. Main picture shows Engineered Log Jam island building structures in area outlined in red in the orthophoto three years after their installation. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Pilot raise of the Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) spillway under construction during summer 2012. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 8 Pilot raise of the Sediment Retention Structure (SRS) spillway under construction during summer 2012. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 9 Rates of cumulative sedimentation in the lower Cowlitz River between 2003 and 2013. The impacts of various measures can be discerned. The 2010 Grade Building Structure pilot project slows deposition (compare deposition between August 2009 and July 2010 to that between July 2010 and August 2012), and the 2012 spillway raise reverses sediment deposition in the lower Cowlitz River (i.e. cumulative erosion observed between August 2012 and September 2014). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 9 Rates of cumulative sedimentation in the lower Cowlitz River between 2003 and 2013. The impacts of various measures can be discerned. The 2010 Grade Building Structure pilot project slows deposition (compare deposition between August 2009 and July 2010 to that between July 2010 and August 2012), and the 2012 spillway raise reverses sediment deposition in the lower Cowlitz River (i.e. cumulative erosion observed between August 2012 and September 2014). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 10 Observed sediment yields from the debris avalanche up to 2014 and predicted in the ' Future Expected Deposition Scenario ' (FEDS) modelled by the Portland District (USACE, 2011a), together with long-term trends in sediment yields forecast in various studies. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 10 Observed sediment yields from the debris avalanche up to 2014 and predicted in the ' Future Expected Deposition Scenario ' (FEDS) modelled by the Portland District (USACE, 2011a), together with long-term trends in sediment yields forecast in various studies. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 11 Physical model built at Colorado State University to perform ' proof of concept ' experiments using a series of cross-valley structures to promote aggradation and build up the gradient of the sediment plain by training the braided channel of the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) into a ' serpentine ' course (Ettema et al ., 2016). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 11 Physical model built at Colorado State University to perform ' proof of concept ' experiments using a series of cross-valley structures to promote aggradation and build up the gradient of the sediment plain by training the braided channel of the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) into a ' serpentine ' course (Ettema et al ., 2016). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 12 Management Decision Support Framework (MDSF) Step 1. This step considers whether the authorized Level of Protection (LoP) is being met, whether there is a declining trend in the LoP and whether the period for which the Portland District USACE is authorized to manage sediment in the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) is within five-years of completion. Outcomes A (Red), B (Green) and C (Purple) lead to the matching, colour-coded questions in Step 2 (Figure 13). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 12 Management Decision Support Framework (MDSF) Step 1. This step considers whether the authorized Level of Protection (LoP) is being met, whether there is a declining trend in the LoP and whether the period for which the Portland District USACE is authorized to manage sediment in the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) is within five-years of completion. Outcomes A (Red), B (Green) and C (Purple) lead to the matching, colour-coded questions in Step 2 (Figure 13). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 13 Management Decision Support Framework (MDSF) Step 2. This step indicates to the river engineers and scientists responsible for managing sediment in the Toutle -Cowlitz system whether a sediment management action should be triggered or deferred. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 13 Management Decision Support Framework (MDSF) Step 2. This step indicates to the river engineers and scientists responsible for managing sediment in the Toutle -Cowlitz system whether a sediment management action should be triggered or deferred. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 14 Management Decision Support Framework (MDSF) Step 3. This set guides decision-makers with respect to the appropriate sediment management action on the basis of the wider context for the need for action and the options available. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 14 Management Decision Support Framework (MDSF) Step 3. This set guides decision-makers with respect to the appropriate sediment management action on the basis of the wider context for the need for action and the options available. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC-BY · From the PDF

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Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Sclafani, P., Nygaard, C., & Thorne, C.
Venue
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2017-12-14
Volume
43
Issue
5
Pages
1088-1104
ISSN
  • 0197-9337
  • 1096-9837
DOI
10.1002/esp.4277
Cited by
11
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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