The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Synergistic toxicity of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides contravenes the response addition mixture model
Abstract
A toxic unit (TU) approach was used to test the response addition model for mixtures of pesticides with differing modes of action. Atrazine was tested in binary and ternary combinations with the organochlorine insecticide methoxychlor and organophosphate insecticide methyl-parathion. Atrazine was also tested in binary combinations with additional organophosphates. The TU for atrazine was set slightly below its water solubility limits (TU = 20 ppm), which is well below its 96-h 50% effective concentration for the fourth instar of the midge, Chironomus tentans. In 96-h acute toxicity tests using C. tentans, atrazine was found to produce synergistic (greater than additive) toxicity in a binary mixture with methyl-parathion. Less than additive toxicity was found for the combination of atrazine with methoxychlor (likely due to the low TU assigned to atrazine). The ternary combination of atrazine + methyl-parathion + methoxychlor was found to be marginally synergistic. Results of toxicity tests with atrazine in binary combinations with other organophosphates indicate more than additive toxicity for all compounds except mevinophos. Possible hypotheses are presented in an attempt to explain the noted synergistic relationship between atrazine and various organophosphorous insecticides. These results suggest that the response addition model does not always accurately predict mixture toxicity for chemicals with differing modes of action.
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“There is still scientific controversy about the safety of some currently permitted pesticides (e.g. organophosphorus compounds) even at levels below the MRL and complex mixtures of pesticides, as additive/synergistic effects of pesticide mixtures have been documented and safety testing of pesticide mixtures is currently not required as part of the regulatory pesticide approval process( 58 – 60 ).”
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1 retracted
Synergistic Activation of Estrogen Receptor with Combinations of Environmental Chemicals
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Risk of pesticide pollution at the global scale
Tang, F. H. M., Lenzen, M., McBratney, A., & Maggi, F. (2021) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00712-5 · Cited by 1,340
Quantifying Synergy: A Systematic Review of Mixture Toxicity Studies within Environmental Toxicology
Cedergreen, N. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096580 · Cited by 980
Effects of Agricultural Drainage on Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review
Blann, K. L., Anderson, J. L., Sands, G. R., & Vondracek, B. (2009) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643380801977966 · Cited by 747
Barański, M., Średnicka-Tober, D., Volakakis, N., Seal, C., Sanderson, R., Stewart, G. B., Benbrook, C., Biavati, B., Markellou, E., Giotis, C., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514001366 · Cited by 684
Toxic effects of pesticide mixtures at a molecular level: Their relevance to human health
Hernández, A. F., Carreño, T. P., Tsatsakis, A. M., Requena, M., Alarcón, R., & López‐Guarnido, O. (2012) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.009 · Cited by 619
Metadata
- Authors
- Pape-Lindstrom, P. A., & Lydy, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Wichita State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lydy, Michael J
- ORCID
- Lydy, Michael J
- Venue
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-11-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2415-2420
- ISSN
- 0730-7268 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8618
- OpenAlex
- W2166679627
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Keywords
- atrazine, organophosphate insecticides, methyl parathion, methoxychlor, pesticide mixtures, synergistic toxicity, toxic units, Chironomus tentans, midges, acute toxicity, mixture toxicity prediction
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