RNA sensors of the innate immune system and their detection of pathogens
Open accessAbstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in pathogen recognition and initiation of protective immune response through the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by its pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Nucleic acids including RNA and DNA have been recognized as very important PAMPs of pathogens especially for viruses. RNA are the major PAMPs of RNA viruses, to which most severe disease causing viruses belong thus posing a tougher challenge to human and animal health. Therefore, the understanding of the immune biology of RNA PRRs is critical for control of pathogen infections especially for RNA virus infections. RNA PRRs are comprised of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, RIG-I, MDA5, NLRP3, NOD2, and some other minorities. This review introduces these RNA PRRs by describing the cellular localizations, ligand recognitions, activation mechanisms, cell signaling pathways, and recognition of pathogens; the cross-talks between various RNA PRRs are also reviewed. The deep insights of these RNA PRRs can be utilized to improve anti-viral immune response. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):297-304, 2017.
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The limitations of unmodified mRNA vaccines are based on intrinsic immunogenicity of unmodified mRNA due to intracellular detection and type I interferon production, which inhibits translation, reduces CD8+ T cell activation, and inhibits T helper cell generation.
“These limitations are based on the intrinsic immunogenicity of unmodified mRNA due to intracellular detection131,132 and type I interferon (IFN) production,34 which in turn is responsible for the inhibition of translation, the reduction of CD8+ T cell activation, and the inhibition of T helper cell generation.”
From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [131]
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References 55 · Cited by 225
- Authors
- Chen, N., Xia, P., Li, S., Zhang, T., Wang, T. T., & Zhu, J.
- Affiliations
- Yangzhou University (CN)
- SRI International (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, Jianzhong
- Venue
- IUBMB Life
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-04-04
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 297-304
- ISSN
- 1521-6543 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-6551
- PMC
- PMC7165898
- OpenAlex
- W2605016096
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- IUBMB Life (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31672523)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
- Keywords
- RNA sensors, innate immunity, pattern recognition receptors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, RNA viruses, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, RIG-I, MDA5, NLRP3, NOD2, receptor cross-talk, antiviral immunity, pathogen detection
- MeSH terms
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules, Animals, Humans, Immunity, Innate, RNA, RNA Virus Infections, RNA Viruses, RNA, Viral, Receptors, Pattern Recognition, Toll-Like Receptors, Host-Pathogen Interactions
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