Cell wall sorting signals in surface proteins of gram‐positive bacteria.
Open accessAbstract
Staphylococcal protein A is anchored to the cell wall, a unique cellular compartment of Gram-positive bacteria. The sorting signal sufficient for cell wall anchoring consists of an LPXTG motif, a C-terminal hydrophobic domain and a charged tail. Homologous sequences are found in many surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria and we explored the universality of these sequences to serve as cell wall sorting signals. We show that several signals are able to anchor fusion proteins to the staphylococcal cell wall. Some signals do not sort effectively, but acquire sorting activity once the spacing between the LPXTG motif and the charged tail has been increased to span the same length as in protein A. Thus, signals for cell wall anchoring in Gram-positive bacteria are as universal as signal (leader) sequences.
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The C-terminal cell wall sorting signal of staphylococcal protein A encompasses a 35-residue peptide with an LPXTG motif, followed by a hydrophobic domain and a positively charged tail.
“The C-terminal cell wall sorting signal of staphylococcal protein A encompasses a 35-residue peptide with an LPXTG motif, followed by a hydrophobic domain and a positively charged tail [20].”
From Protein sorting to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria (2004) · cites this paper as [20]
Lysozyme, an N-acetyl-muramidase that cuts the glycan strands, releases protein A molecules as a spectrum of fragments with different mass due to the presence of linked peptidoglycan fragments of different sizes.
“Lysozyme, an N-acetyl-muramidase that cuts the glycan strands [19], releases protein A molecules as a spectrum of fragments with different mass due to the presence of linked peptidoglycan fragments of different sizes [16,20,21].”
From Protein sorting to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria (2004) · cites this paper as [20]
When fused to the C-terminus of polypeptides, the cell wall sorting signal alone is sufficient to cause cell wall anchoring of hybrid proteins that are initiated into the secretory pathway of S. aureus via an N-terminal signal peptide.
“When fused to the C-terminus of polypeptides, the cell wall sorting signal alone is sufficient to cause cell wall anchoring of hybrid proteins that are initiated into the secretory pathway of S. aureus via an N-terminal signal peptide [13,20,32 -34].”
From Protein sorting to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria (2004) · cites this paper as [20]
Sorting signals from one bacterial species can be functional in another microbe.
“Moreover, sorting signals from one bacterial species can be functional in another microbe [20].”
From Protein sorting to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria (2004) · cites this paper as [20]
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References 57 · Cited by 426
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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- Authors
- Schneewind, O., Mihaylova‐Petkov, D., & Model, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Schneewind, O.
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 1993-12-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4803-4811
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC413927
- OpenAlex
- W184263843
- Cited by
- 426
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (8817641)
- National Institutes of Health (5r29ai033985-04)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI33985)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Structural Characterization
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Keywords
- LPXTG motif, protein A, cell wall anchoring, Gram-positive bacteria, surface proteins, fusion protein
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Cell Wall, DNA, Bacterial, Enterotoxins, Biological Evolution, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Molecular Sequence Data, Staphylococcal Protein A, Signal Transduction, Conserved Sequence
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