The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The History of Supervision: A Critical Review
Abstract
Leddick and Bernard review the counseling literature and describe the historical evolution of the practice of supervision from a polarized state to its current trend toward collaboration. The authors analyze several therapy models, and describe direct and indirect supervision activities. This article concludes by calling attention to assumptions in the counseling and supervision literature that have yet to receive the benefit of evaluation and research.
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“The supervisor role is critical for developing new therapists and those working toward obtaining full licensure to help promote positive client outcomes (Freitas, 2002;Leddick & Bernard, 1980;Liddle, 2014).”
From Seeing Double: A Case Study Examining Systemic Supervision and Therapy Conceptualization of Identical Twins (2026) · cites this paper as Leddick & Bernard, 1980
Citations
Cites
The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.
Rogers, C. R. (1957) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045357 · Cited by 5,599
Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lowery, D. F., & Outler, C. (2026) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807251384191
Metadata
- Authors
- LEDDICK, G. R., & BERNARD, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Venue
- Counselor Education and Supervision
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1980-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 186-196
- ISSN
- 0011-0035 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-6978
- OpenAlex
- W1995584660
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Counselor Education and Supervision (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Social Work Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology, Coaching, and Therapy
- Keywords
- counselor supervision, history of supervision, collaborative supervision, direct supervision, indirect supervision, treatment model, counselor education, research agenda
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