Comparison of the sensory irritation response in mice to chlorine and nitrogen trichloride
Abstract
The expiratory bradypnoea indicative of upper airway irritation in mice was evaluated during a 60-min oronasal exposure to increasing concentrations of chlorine and nitrogen trichloride. The airborne concentration resulting in a 50% decrease in the respiratory rate of mice (RD50) was calculated for each chemical. Chlorine and nitrogen trichloride showed dissimilar concentration-response curves. While the maximal response of nitrogen trichloride was reached in 10 min, the maximal response of chlorine was reached between 45 and 60 min of exposure. The results showed both chemicals to have an irritant potency of the same order of magnitude. The RD50 values of chlorine and nitrogen trichloride were 3.5 and 2.5 ppm, respectively. On the basis of a TLV-STEL (threshold limit value for short-term exposure limit) equal to 0.1 RD50 and a TLV-TWA (time-weighted average) equal to 0.03 RD50, the current TLVs for chlorine seem too high (1 and 0.5 ppm, respectively) and should be reduced to 0.5 and 0.1 ppm, respectively. For nitrogen trichloride, 0.3 ppm and 0.1 ppm are proposed as TLV-STEL and TLV-TWA, respectively.
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Inorganic chloramines are potent sensory irritants that cause eye and upper respiratory tract irritation by interaction with neuronal sensors located in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and the eyes.
“Inorganic chloramines are potent sensory irritants that cause eye and upper respiratory tract irritation by interaction with neuronal sensors located in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and the eyes (shown for mono-and trichloramine) (Eichelsd€ orfer et al. 1975;Gagnaire et al. 1994).”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Gagnaire et al. 1994
Trichloramine appeared to be a strong sensory irritant.
“The authors concluded that trichloramine appeared to be a strong sensory irritant (Gagnaire et al. 1994).”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Gagnaire et al. 1994
The RD50 values of chlorine and trichloramine in mice were 17.5 and 12.5 mg/m3, respectively.
“The RD 50 values of chlorine and trichloramine were 17.5 and 12.5 mg/m 3 , respectively.”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Gagnaire et al. 1994
An RD50 value of 12.5 mg/m3 in mice was reported following a 1-h inhalation exposure to trichloramine.
“An RD 50 value of 12.5 mg/m 3 in mice was reported following a 1-h inhalation exposure to trichloramine (Gagnaire et al. 1994).”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Gagnaire et al. 1994
The human irritation data are supported by animal data: depressed breathing was shown in rats at a single exposure (60 min) to trichloramine at 4.5-25.0 mg/m3 giving an estimated RD50 value of 12.5 mg/m3.
“The human irritation data are supported by animal data.Depressed breathing was shown in rats at a single exposure (60 min) to trichloramine at 4.5-25.0mg/m 3 giving an estimated RD 50 value of 12.5 mg/m 3 (Gagnaire et al. 1994).”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Gagnaire et al. 1994
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- Authors
- Gagnaire, F., Azim, S., Bonnet, P., Hecht, G., & Hery, M.
- Affiliations
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Gagnaire, F.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Toxicology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1994-11
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 405-409
- ISSN
- 0260-437X (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1263
- OpenAlex
- W2077905541
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational exposure and asthma
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Chemical Health and Safety › Chemical Safety and Risk Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Keywords
- chlorine, nitrogen trichloride, upper airway irritation, respiratory rate, threshold limit values, short-term exposure limit, time-weighted average, concentration-dependent effects, occupational exposure limits, mice
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Inhalation, Animals, Chlorides, Chlorine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Irritants, Male, Mice, Inbred Strains, Respiration, Nitrogen Compounds, Mice
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