A study on supercritical water gasification of black liquor conducted in stainless steel and nickel‐chromium‐molybdenum reactors
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: This study presents supercritical water gasification (SCWG) as an alternative treatment process for black liquor: investigating the impacts of black liquor constituents, temperature and catalyst. The preliminary experiments include SCWG of sucrose and isoeugenol in stainless steel reactor, as model compounds of sugars and lignin. Then, the experiments of SCWG of black liquor are performed in stainless steel and INCONEL 625 reactors. RESULTS: The results illustrated the impacts of temperature, black liquor constituents and nickel catalyst on the SCWG process. Temperature and the INCONEL reactor promoted gasification efficiency and hot gas efficiency: over 80% hot gas efficiency was reached for black liquor in the INCONEL reactor at 700 °C. Experiments on model compounds have shown that sugars generate more carbon dioxide, while lignin generates more methane. Hydrogen fraction and yield increased with temperature; nevertheless, black liquor generated hydrogen‐rich gas. The INCONEL reactor increased hot gas efficiency despite no significant impact on carbon gasification efficiency: hydrogen is promoted dramatically. In addition, temperature and the INCONEL catalyst reduce tar and char formation as well. CONCLUSIONS: Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is potentially a suitable treatment for black liquor: it has no evaporation requirement and high hot gas efficiency. This process can be a solution for non‐wood mills and can increase the product spectrum of Kraft mills by operating as a parallel treatment. On the other hand, sulphur balance is to be investigated for integration with Kraft mills together with a detailed feasibility study. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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Similar observations were made after gasification of high-sulfur zoo food wastes at 500°C and 300 bars in the same alloy and in supercritical water gasification of black liquor in batch reactors.
“Similar observations were made after gasification tests of high sulfur content zoo food wastes performed at 500°C and 300 bars in a reactor from the same alloy 74 and in the supercritical water gasification of black liquor in batch reactors 75,76 .”
From Continuous Extraction of Black Liquor Salts under Hydrothermal Conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
The Introduction and SCWG Black Liquor section confirm that the paper reports supercritical water gasification of black liquor. But the Reactor Setup and Experimental Procedure describes a pumped feed, an inlet flow rate, and a product stream—not batch reactors. The 500°C, 300-bar zoo-food-waste test is attributed to a different citation in the citing sentence, not to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStainless steel 316Ti and Zircaloy-2 are more suitable materials than nickel-base alloys and high-nickel-content steels for hydrothermal treatment of black liquor.
“The low amounts of corrosion products detected, indicate that stainless steel 316Ti and Zircaloy-2 are more suitable than nickel base alloys and high nickelcontent steels [73][74][75]77 for hydrothermal treatment of black liquor, but do not exclude the occurrence of localized forms of corrosion such as stress corrosion cracking or pitting.”
From Continuous Extraction of Black Liquor Salts under Hydrothermal Conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
The Reactor Setup and Experimental Procedure section compares stainless steel 316 with INCONEL 625, but does not assess stainless steel 316Ti or Zircaloy-2. The retrieved passages on black-liquor gasification discuss conversion and catalytic effects, not corrosion products or comparative suitability for hydrothermal treatment (pages unavailable). Searches for corrosion, 316Ti, Zircaloy-2, and localized corrosion did not establish the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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References 63 · Cited by 56
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Adams TN, Frederick WJ, Grace TM, Hupa M, Lisa K, Jones AK and Tran H, Kraft Recovery Boilers. Tappi Press, (1997).
- Yizhak M, Supercritical Water. Wiley, (2012).
- xx. R. B. Levine, C. M. Huelsman, P. E. Savage, 2010. Hydrothermal Processing of Biomass. Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals, chapter 8, pg. 192- 216
- Authors
- De Blasio, C., Lucca, G., Özdenkci, K., Mulas, M., Lundqvist, K., Koskinen, J., Santarelli, M., Westerlund, T., & Järvinen, M.
- Affiliations
- Aalto University, School of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering ENY‐Lab. Sähkömiehentie 4 P.O.Box 1440 Espoo Finland
- Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Italy) (IT)
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology Aalto University Kemistintie 1‐02150 Espoo Finland
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (BR)
- Åbo Akademi University (FI)
- Aalto University (FI)
- Politecnico di Torino (IT)
- Venue
- Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-02-09
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2664-2678
- ISSN
- 0142-0356 (ISSN-L)
- 0268-2575
- 1097-4660
- OpenAlex
- W2211126232
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.aalto.fi
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PORTO@Iris (submittedVersion)
- PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino (Politecnico di Torino) (submittedVersion)
- Åbo Akademi University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Aalto-yliopisto
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Subcritical and Supercritical Water Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Mining and Gasification Technologies
- Keywords
- supercritical water gasification, black liquor, Inconel 625, nickel catalysts, stainless steel reactor, lignin, sucrose, hydrogen production, kraft mills, sulfur balance
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