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Trochophora larvae: cell-lineages, ciliary bands and body regions. 2. Other groups and general discussion

Nielsen, Claus·2005·Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution
DOI 10.1002/jez.b.21050
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Abstract

The embryology of sipunculans, entoprocts, nemertines, platyhelminths (excluding acoelomorphs), rotifers, ectoprocts, phoronids, brachiopods, echinoderms and enteropneusts is reviewed with special emphasis on cell-lineage and differentiation of ectodermal structures. A group Spiralia comprising the four first-mentioned phyla plus annelids and molluscs seems well defined through the presence of spiral cleavage with early blastomere specification, prototroch with characteristic cell-lineage, cerebral ganglia developing from cells of the first micromere quartet (i.e., the episphere) and a ventral nervous system developing from the hyposphere. The planktotrophic trochophore was probably the larval type of the ancestor of this group. Another group comprising phoronids, brachiopods, echinoderms and enteropneusts appears equally well delimited. It is characterized by radial cleavage with late blastomere specification, possibly by the presence of a neotroch consisting of monociliate cells, by the absence of cerebral ganglia and of a well-defined brain and paired longitudinal nerve cords developing in connection with the blastopore, and by coelomic organization. Its ancestral larval type was probably a dipleurula. Several characters link rotifers with the spiralians, although they do not show the spiral pattern in the cleavage. Ectoprocts are still a problematic group, but some characters indicate spiralian affinities.

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Authors
Nielsen, C.
Affiliations
University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author
Nielsen, Claus
ORCID
Nielsen, Claus
Venue
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2005
Volume
304B
Issue
5
Pages
401-447
ISSN
  • 1552-5007 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-5015
DOI
10.1002/jez.b.21050
OpenAlex
W2091255780
Cited by
111
References
240
Citations by year
2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
FWCI
0.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 3895 d)
Locations
  • Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
Keywords
trochophore larvae, cell lineage, ciliary bands, body regions, embryology, spiral cleavage, prototroch, cerebral ganglion, Spiralia, planktotrophy, rotifers, Bryozoa, phoronids, brachiopods, Echinodermata, Enteropneusta, entoprocts, sipunculans, larval evolution
MeSH terms
Animals, Cilia, Biological Evolution, Invertebrates, Larva, Plankton

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