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Cited by 226Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsNeonatal and fetal brain pathology

MRI of the Neonatal Brain: A Review of Methodological Challenges and Neuroscientific Advances

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Dubois, Jessica, Alison, Marianne, Counsell, Serena J., Hertz‐Pannier, Lucie, Hüppi, Petra S., Benders, Manon J.N.L.·2021·Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
DOI 10.1002/jmri.27192PMC PMC8247362
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Abstract

In recent years, exploration of the developing brain has become a major focus for researchers and clinicians in an attempt to understand what allows children to acquire amazing and unique abilities, as well as the impact of early disruptions (eg, prematurity, neonatal insults) that can lead to a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Noninvasive neuroimaging methods such as MRI are essential to establish links between the brain and behavioral changes in newborns and infants. In this review article, we aim to highlight recent and representative studies using the various techniques available: anatomical MRI, quantitative MRI (relaxometry, diffusion MRI), multiparametric approaches, and functional MRI. Today, protocols use 1.5 or 3T MRI scanners, and specialized methodologies have been put in place for data acquisition and processing to address the methodological challenges specific to this population, such as sensitivity to motion. MR sequences must be adapted to the brains of newborns and infants to obtain relevant good soft‐tissue contrast, given the small size of the cerebral structures and the incomplete maturation of tissues. The use of age‐specific image postprocessing tools is also essential, as signal and contrast differ from the adult brain. Appropriate methodologies then make it possible to explore multiple neurodevelopmental mechanisms in a precise way, and assess changes with age or differences between groups of subjects, particularly through large‐scale projects. Although MRI measurements only indirectly reflect the complex series of dynamic processes observed throughout development at the molecular and cellular levels, this technique can provide information on brain morphology, structural connectivity, microstructural properties of gray and white matter, and on the functional architecture. Finally, MRI measures related to clinical, behavioral, and electrophysiological markers have a key role to play from a diagnostic and prognostic perspective in the implementation of early interventions to avoid long‐term disabilities in children. Evidence Level: 2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 1

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  • From late gestation through infancy, childhood, and adolescence, mean diffusivity generally declines while fractional anisotropy rises, reflecting the combined effects of changing tissue water, axonal organization and packing, membrane barriers, fiber coherence, and myelination.

    “From late gestation through infancy, childhood, and adolescence, mean diffusivity generally declines while fractional anisotropy rises, reflecting the combined effects of changing tissue water, axonal organization and packing, membrane barriers, fiber coherence, and myelination.”

    From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Dubois et al., 2021

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  • Diffusion MRI has enabled in vivo mapping of tract-specific maturation and its links with emerging motor, language, and cognitive functions.

    “These metrics should not be interpreted as direct measures of myelin or axonal density, but they have enabled in vivo mapping of tract-specific maturation and its links with emerging motor, language, and cognitive functions (Dubois et al., 2021; Lebel et al., 2019).”

    From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Dubois et al., 2021

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Authors
Dubois, J., Alison, M., Counsell, S. J., Hertz‐Pannier, L., Hüppi, P. S., & Benders, M. J. N. L.
Affiliations
  • Inserm (FR)
  • King's College London (GB)
  • University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
Corresponding author
Dubois, Jessica
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2020-05-18
Volume
53
Issue
5
Pages
1318-1343
ISSN
  • 1053-1807 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-2586
DOI
10.1002/jmri.27192
PMC
PMC8247362
OpenAlex
W3027053347
Cited by
226
References
201
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 4
FWCI
2.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Fondation de France (Call Neurodevelopment 2012)
  • Fondation Fyssen (Research grant 2009)
  • Seventh Framework Programme (Human Brain Project 2013)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
Keywords
neonatal brain MRI, infant brain development, neurodevelopmental disorders, preterm birth, neonatal brain injury, motion sensitivity, relaxometry, diffusion MRI, functional MRI, structural connectivity, white matter microstructure, gray matter, brain structure, prognostic factors, early intervention
MeSH terms
Adult, Brain, Child, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuroimaging, White Matter

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