ICD‐11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the United States: A Population‐Based Study
Open accessAbstract
The primary aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the current prevalence rates of International Classification of Diseases (11th rev.) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) among the adult population of the United States and to identify characteristics and correlates associated with each disorder. A total of 7.2% of the sample met criteria for either PTSD or CPTSD, and the prevalence rates were 3.4% for PTSD and 3.8% for CPTSD. Women were more likely than men to meet criteria for both PTSD and CPTSD. Cumulative adulthood trauma was associated with both PTSD and CPTSD; however, cumulative childhood trauma was more strongly associated with CPTSD than PTSD. Among traumatic stressors occurring in childhood, sexual and physical abuse by caregivers were identified as events associated with risk for CPTSD, whereas sexual assault by noncaregivers and abduction were risk factors for PTSD. Adverse childhood events were associated with both PTSD and CPTSD, and equally so. Individuals with CPTSD reported substantially higher psychiatric burden and lower levels of psychological well‐being compared to those with PTSD and those with neither diagnosis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chronic and cumulative exposure to multiple types of interpersonal trauma, especially in formative developmental periods in childhood but also including in adulthood, has repeatedly been shown to have an incremental dose-response relationship to cPTSD.
“Chronic and cumulative exposure to multiple types of interpersonal trauma, especially in formative developmental periods in childhood but also including in adulthood [35], has repeatedly been shown to have an incremental dose-response relationship to cPTSD [6, 12, 18, 20, 51, 52, 54, 75, 77, 87, 122, 155].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
The Results section on cumulative trauma (page not supplied) reports dose-response associations between CPTSD and the number of childhood and adulthood traumas, with a much stronger association for childhood trauma. The Discussion also identifies childhood caregiver abuse as a particularly strong risk factor. But the dose-response analyses concern traumatic exposures generally, not specifically chronic interpersonal trauma; the Discussion says the survey lacked sufficient information to investigate sustained adult-onset trauma systematically. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychologically threatening events can have negative mental health consequences for male victims too, including psychological IPV.
“It is important to recognize that psychologically threatening events can have negative mental health consequences for male victims too [17, 92, 93], including psychological IPV, and thus, preventive efforts and treatment interventions should also be available for male victims.”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
Table 1 reports PTSD and complex PTSD among men, and the Discussion describes these disorders following traumatic exposure, supporting the point that male victims can experience mental-health consequences. The paper does not establish this specifically for psychological intimate partner violence; its listed exposures include childhood verbal abuse and violence in the home, but it does not report a psychological-IPV finding (page numbers unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe association between psychological violence and mental health in male participants was smaller than what was found for female victims.
“This association was smaller than what was found for female victims; however, this is not surprising seeing that women are more likely to develop PTSD in general, compared to men [92, 96].”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
Women are more likely to develop PTSD in general, compared to men.
“This association was smaller than what was found for female victims; however, this is not surprising seeing that women are more likely to develop PTSD in general, compared to men [92, 96].”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
Empirical evidence shows that the core features of cPTSD are distinct clinically and conceptually from PTSD.
“empirical evidence showing that the core features of cPTSD are distinct clinically and conceptually from PTSD has resulted in a revised formulation of cPTSD [18, 20, 80]”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 37 · Cited by 340
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Cloitre, M., Cohen, L.R., & Koenen, K. (2006). Treating survivors of childhood abuse: Psychotherapy for the interrupted life. New York City: Guilford Press.
- Institute of Medicine (2018). Towards precision medicine: Building a knowledge network for biomedical research and a new taxonomy of disease. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
- Karatzias, T. & Cloitre, M. (under review). Innovative treatment approaches for complex PTSD (CPTSD): Modular patient-centered care. Journal of Traumatic Stress.
- Authors
- Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., Roberts, N. P., Karatzias, T., & Shevlin, M.
- Affiliations
- National Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo Alto California USA
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth (IE)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (GB)
- National Health Service (GB)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 833-842
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- OpenAlex
- W2991873828
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 36.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.ulster.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD, ICD-11, prevalence, adverse childhood experiences, child sexual abuse, child physical abuse, abduction, psychological well-being, mental health burden, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Exposure to Violence, Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Prevalence, Logistic Models, International Classification of Diseases, Racial Groups, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
