The effect of low b-values on the intravoxel incoherent motion derived pseudodiffusion parameter in liver
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: To examine the effect of low b‐values (0 < b < 50 s/mm 2) on the calculation of the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) derived pseudodiffusion parameter in the normal liver. Methods: Simulations were performed to examine the effects of adding low b‐values on the pseudodiffusion parameter. Low b‐values were cumulatively added to the distribution and the IVIM signal was generated with varying pseudodiffusion values. The signal was fit with the IVIM model after the addition of Gaussian noise, and the simulated values were compared with the true values. In addition, the livers of eight control subjects were imaged using respiratory‐triggered DWI. Pseudodiffusion was calculated with and without low b‐values and compared. Results: Pseudodiffusion tended to be underestimated when low b‐values were not included in the b‐value distribution as predicted by simulations and confirmed with in vivo imaging. The number of outlier values was also reduced as more low b‐values were added. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed pseudodiffusion in the liver tended to be underestimated when too few low b‐values (0 < b < 50 s/mm 2) were included in the distribution. Therefore, it is recommended to include at least two low b‐values when performing liver IVIM studies. Magn Reson Med 73:306–311, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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In imaging practice, the ideal narrow-pulse Stejskal-Tanner equation is insufficient because imaging gradient pulses, crusher gradient pulses, and their cross-terms with diffusion-encoding gradients can contribute substantially to diffusion signal attenuation.
“In imaging practice, however, the ideal narrow pulse Stejskal–Tanner equation is insufficient because imaging gradient pulses, crusher gradient pulses, and their cross-terms with the diffusion-encoding gradient pulses can contribute substantially to the diffusion signal attenuation (Cohen et al., 2015; Le Bihan & Breton, 1985; Rashid et al., 2025).”
From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2015
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAccurate b-value calculation is critical, including imaging gradients and cross-terms with diffusion-encoding gradients, as these effects are far from negligible at low b-values.
“Especially, accurate b-value calculation is critical, including imaging gradients and cross-terms with diffusion-encoding gradients, as these effects are far from negligible at low b-values (Cohen et al., 2015; Rashid et al., 2025).”
From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2015
The Methods and Discussion and Conclusions sections examine which low b-values are included when estimating liver pseudodiffusion, not how b-values are calculated. Searches for imaging gradients and cross-terms with diffusion-encoding gradients found no passage addressing whether those effects are appreciable at low b-values. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers
Le Bihan, D. (2026) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1365
“Especially, accurate b-value calculation is critical, including imaging gradients and cross-terms with diffusion-encoding gradients, as these effects are far from negligible at low b-values ( Cohen et al., 2015; Rashid et al., 2025).”
- Authors
- Cohen, A. D., Schieke, M. C., Hohenwalter, M. D., & Schmainda, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schmainda, Kathleen M.
- Venue
- Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-01-29
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 306-311
- ISSN
- 0740-3194 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-2594
- PMC
- PMC4317387
- OpenAlex
- W1600280496
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 10.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin (3R01 CA082500)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › MRI in cancer diagnosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- intravoxel incoherent motion, liver, diffusion-weighted imaging, respiratory-triggered imaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Algorithms, Computer Simulation, Female, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Liver, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Motion, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Young Adult
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