Practical clinical guidelines and pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Asia
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Both, stimulant and nonstimulant medications have been approved for the treatment of this disorder. Several Western guidelines recommend the use of prescribed Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for ADHD along with parental training in behavior management and behavioral classroom intervention. In 2022, new Japanese guidelines for ADHD were issued, which recommended school environment management and psychosocial treatment as the first-line treatment, with pharmacological treatment added as the second-line treatment. Although Japanese guidelines, including pharmacological treatments, have been established, the guidelines and utilization of ADHD medications across Asian regions are unclear. Therefore, to appropriately evaluate the strategy of pharmacological treatments for ADHD, we investigated Asian regional guidelines for ADHD medication in children. We also reviewed the guidelines in Malaysia, Singapore, India, and the Republic of Korea and found that these guidelines differ from Western guidelines.
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None of the nonstimulants are associated with abuse potential.
“Importantly, none are associated with abuse potential—an advantage that facilitates use in populations at risk for substance misuse [154,157].”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [157]
The Japan section identifies atomoxetine and guanfacine as nonstimulants and discusses abuse of stimulant medication, particularly immediate-release methylphenidate. It does not state whether nonstimulants have abuse potential or whether they are advantageous for patients at risk of substance misuse (searched: abuse potential, substance misuse, dependence, and the named nonstimulants). (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPreliminary studies of viloxazine report similar benefits in adults, though confirmatory research remains needed.
“Preliminary studies of viloxazine report similar benefits, though confirmatory research in adult populations remains needed [157].”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [157]
The Japan and Discussion sections address ADHD medication guidelines and prescribing practices, but do not discuss viloxazine studies or benefits in adults. Searches for “viloxazine” and the claimed need for confirmatory research returned no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAtomoxetine consistently yields moderate symptom reduction across age groups.
“Atomoxetine consistently yields moderate symptom reduction across age groups [157]”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [157]
The Introduction lists atomoxetine as an approved ADHD medication, and the Taiwan and Malaysia sections discuss its use, but none reports the magnitude or consistency of symptom reduction across age groups. Searches for symptom reduction, effect size, and efficacy did not locate evidence for the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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References 25 · Cited by 17
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Saito K, 2022, Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disease
- Authors
- Kawabe, K., Horiuchi, F., Matsumoto, Y., Inoue, S., Okazawa, M., Hosokawa, R., Nakachi, K., Soga, J., & Ueno, S.
- Affiliations
- Ehime University (JP)
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine Toon City Japan
- Corresponding author
- Horiuchi, Fumie
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology Reports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-12-07
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-33
- ISSN
- 2574-173X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10932761
- OpenAlex
- W4389452405
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 3.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD medication, stimulant medication, non-stimulant medication, children, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, India, South Korea, psychosocial interventions, school-based intervention, parent training
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Asia, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Humans, United States
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