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Cited by 6Vitamin D Research StudiesCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesVitamin C and Antioxidants Research

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Effect of vitamin D supplementation on clinical outcomes in adult patients with COVID‐19: A GRADE‐assessed systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Open access
Ghoreshi, Zohreh‐al‐sadat, Charostad, Javad, Arefinia, Nasir, Nakhaie, Mohsen, Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, Mohammad, Salajegheh, Faranak·2024·Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
DOI 10.1002/prp2.70013PMC PMC11442836
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Abstract

The COVID‐19 pandemic has emerged as a major global health crisis. Vitamin D, a crucial fat‐soluble vitamin, has been recommended for COVID‐19 patients, though evidence of its effectiveness is inconsistent. This systematic literature review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on COVID‐19‐related outcomes. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Primary outcomes included mortality and hospital length of stay, while secondary outcomes encompassed C‐reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, D‐dimer, hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, and lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts. Data analysis was performed using Stata™ Version 14. A total of 16 trials were analyzed. The meta‐analysis revealed that vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced hospital length of stay (mean difference = −1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.23, −0.09; p = .033) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 69.2%, p = .002). Subgroup analysis showed a more pronounced reduction in studies with vitamin D dosages ≤10 000 international units (IU) (mean difference = −1.27; 95% CI: −1.96, −0.57; p < .001) and in patients over 60 years old (mean difference = −1.84; 95% CI: −2.53, −1.14; p < .001). Additionally, vitamin D significantly reduced CRP concentrations in older adults (>60 years) (mean difference = −1.13; 95% CI: −2.07, −0.18; p = .019). No significant changes were found in ferritin, D‐dimer, Hb concentrations, or in lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts (p > .05). In conclusion, while vitamin D supplementation did not significantly affect most COVID‐19‐related biomarkers, however, it reduces the length of hospital stay.

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Crossref · 10.1002/prp2.70013

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FIGURE 1 Selection process for eligible studies from all identified citations.
FIGURE 1 Selection process for eligible studies from all identified citations.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
FIGURE 2 Forest plot detailing weighted mean difference and 95% CIs for the impact of vitamin D supplementation on hospital length of stay. CI, confidence interval; WMD, weight mean difference.
FIGURE 2 Forest plot detailing weighted mean difference and 95% CIs for the impact of vitamin D supplementation on hospital length of stay. CI, confidence interval; WMD, weight mean difference.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
FIGURE 3 Funnel plots detailing publication bias in the studies selected for analysis. (A) Hospital length of stay; (B) CRP; (C) ferritin. Visual inspection of funnel plots indicating that there is no publication bias among studies. CI, confidence interval; CRP, C‐reactive protein; WMD, weight mean difference.
FIGURE 3 Funnel plots detailing publication bias in the studies selected for analysis. (A) Hospital length of stay; (B) CRP; (C) ferritin. Visual inspection of funnel plots indicating that there is no publication bias among studies. CI, confidence interval; CRP, C‐reactive protein; WMD, weight mean difference.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
FIGURE 4 Forest plot detailing weighted mean difference and 95% CIs for the impact of vitamin D supplementation on CRP concentrations. CI, confidence interval; CRP, C‐reactive protein; WMD, weight mean difference.
FIGURE 4 Forest plot detailing weighted mean difference and 95% CIs for the impact of vitamin D supplementation on CRP concentrations. CI, confidence interval; CRP, C‐reactive protein; WMD, weight mean difference.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
FIGURE 5 Forest plot detailing weighted mean difference and 95% CIs for the impact of vitamin D supplementation on Ferritin concentrations. CI, confidence interval; WMD, weight mean difference.
FIGURE 5 Forest plot detailing weighted mean difference and 95% CIs for the impact of vitamin D supplementation on Ferritin concentrations. CI, confidence interval; WMD, weight mean difference.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
FIGURE 6 Forest plot detailing weighted mean difference and 95% CIs for the impact of vitamin D supplementation on D‐dimer concentrations. CI, confidence interval; WMD, weight mean difference.
FIGURE 6 Forest plot detailing weighted mean difference and 95% CIs for the impact of vitamin D supplementation on D‐dimer concentrations. CI, confidence interval; WMD, weight mean difference.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Citations

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Metadata

Authors
Ghoreshi, Z., Charostad, J., Arefinia, N., Nakhaie, M., Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, M., & Salajegheh, F.
Affiliations
  • University of Jiroft (IR)
  • Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (IR)
  • Kerman University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
Corresponding author
Salajegheh, Faranak
ORCID
Venue
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2024-09-30
Volume
12
Issue
5
Pages
e70013-e70013
ISSN
2052-1707 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1002/prp2.70013
PMC
PMC11442836
OpenAlex
W4403045273
Cited by
6
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4
FWCI
0.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Pharmacology Research & Perspectives (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
Keywords
vitamin D supplementation, COVID-19 pandemic, length of hospital stay, mortality, C-reactive protein, ferritin, D-dimer, older adults, vitamin D dosage, inflammatory markers
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Ferritins, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products, Humans, Length of Stay, Vitamin D, Vitamins, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Dietary Supplements

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