The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Effects of interaction volume on X-ray line-scans across an ultrasonically consolidated aluminum/copper interface
Abstract
Diffusion as a bonding mechanism for ultrasonic consolidation of metals is widely debated due to the short weld times and low processing temperatures. To quantify interdiffusion coefficients, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) line-scans were performed across an Al-Cu interface using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with accelerating voltages ranging from 6 to 22 KeV in increments of 2 KeV and a step size of 0.05 microns. Higher accelerating voltages resulted in broader concentration profiles, indicating higher apparent interdiffusion coefficients when scanned at the same location of the same sample. This error due to the interaction volume interference was quantified using Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that an accelerating voltage of 22 KeV and diffusion distance less than 5 microns resulted in at least 50% error. Even at a smaller accelerating voltage of 6 KeV, the percent error in calculation of the interdiffusion coefficient for a diffusion distance of 0.5 microns is expected to be 15-20%. An approximate diffusion distance and apparent interdiffusion coefficient for ultrasonically consolidated Al-Cu were 0.503 microns and 0.013 um(2) /s, respectively. In this study, a methodology is presented that allows one to estimate the error in the calculation of an interdiffusion coefficient from the accelerating voltage used and the diffusion distance measured by the SEM XEDS at that accelerating voltage.
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“They did not consider the SEM operating parameters nor the interaction volume convolution [107,108] , which is larger than the lateral range of the supposed molten materials.”
From Interdiffusion of Elements During Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (2021) · cites this paper as [107]
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“elements that are a less than 1 wt.% of the bulk composition are difficult to confidently detect since they can be masked by the Bremsstrahlung X-rays [107,123] .”
From Interdiffusion of Elements During Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (2021) · cites this paper as [107]
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Sorted by citations
Interdiffusion of Elements During Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing
Pagan, M., Petrie, C., Leonard, D., Sridharan, N., Zinkle, S., & Babu, S. S. (2021) · Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A · doi:10.1007/s11661-020-06131-2 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Mueller, J. E., Gillespie, J. W., & Advani, S. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- Venue
- Scanning
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-12-17
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 327-335
- ISSN
- 0161-0457 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1559123372
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scanning (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Army Research Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › General Materials Science › Advanced Materials Characterization Techniques
- Keywords
- ultrasonic consolidation, copper-aluminum interface, interdiffusion coefficient, interaction volume, accelerating voltage, diffusion distance, Monte Carlo simulation, diffusion bonding
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