Quantifying effect of combined oral contraceptive pill on functional ovarian reserve as measured by serum anti‐Müllerian hormone and small antral follicle count using three‐dimensional ultrasound
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Objectives: Oral contraceptive pills suppress the hypothalomo‐pituitary axis, which can affect the ultrasound and endocrine markers used to examine ovarian reserve. The objective of this study was to quantify the ultrasound and endocrine markers of functional ovarian reserve in women using a combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) for more than a year. Methods: This was a prospective case–control study involving healthy volunteers: 34 women using for more than a year a COCP with hormone‐free interval (HFI) were compared to 36 normo‐ovulatory, age‐matched controls who had not used hormonal contraception within the last year. Volunteers using a COCP underwent a 3D ultrasound examination and had a blood sample taken within the first 4 days of active pill ingestion and those in the control group had the scan and blood test in the early follicular phase (days 2–5) of menstrual cycle. The main outcome measure was the difference in antral follicle counts stratified according to size and anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2) levels. Results: There were no significant differences in the number of small antral follicles measuring 2–6 mm. The COCP group had significantly fewer antral follicles measuring ≥ 6 mm (P < 0.001) and had significantly smaller ovaries (P < 0.001), which also had lower vascular indices than the control group (P < 0.05). While serum FSH, LH and E2 levels were significantly lower in the COCP group (P < 0.05), there was no significant difference in serum AMH levels between the two groups. Conclusions: Prolonged use of COCP suppressed pituitary gonadotropins and antral follicle development beyond 6 mm, but had no effect on levels of serum AMH and number of small antral follicles. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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A modified menstrual cycle model based on the Margolskee 2011 model was used with optimal control theory to determine the minimum total exogenous estrogen/progesterone dose and timing of administration to induce anovulation.
“Utilized optimal control theory on a modified menstrual cycle model (based on Margolskee 2011 model) to determine the minimum total exogenous estrogen/progesterone dose and timing of administration to induce anovulation (absence of ovulation)”
From A Survey of Mathematical Modeling of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The Introduction and Study design describe a comparison of contraceptive-pill users with nonusers to assess ovarian-reserve markers. Searches for the Margolskee model, optimal control, and minimum hormone-dose timing found no passage describing the claimed modeling or optimization; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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References 47 · Cited by 85
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Montloin A. [oral contraception] [Article in French]. Rev Infirm 1990; 40: 46-52.
- Copyright 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012; 39: 574-580. 14690705, 2012, 5, · DOI
- van den Berg MH, van Dulmen-den Broeder E, Overbeek A, Twisk JW, Schats R, van Leeuwen FE, Kaspers GJ, Lam- balk CB. Comparison of ovarian function markers in users of hormonal contraceptives during the hormone-free interval and subsequent natural early follicular phases. Hum Reprod 2010; 25: 1520-1527.
- Copyright 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012; 39: 574-580. 14690705, 2012, 5, · DOI
- Authors
- Deb, S., Campbell, B. K., Pincott‐Allen, C., Clewes, J. S., Cumberpatch, G., & Raine‐Fenning, N. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Deb, S.
- Venue
- Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-04-26
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 574-580
- ISSN
- 0960-7692 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-0705
- OpenAlex
- W1983885518
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Keywords
- combined oral contraceptives, ovarian reserve, anti-Müllerian hormone, antral follicle count, 3D ultrasound, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, ovarian vascularization, ovarian size
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Contraceptives, Oral, Combined, Estradiol, Female, Follicular Phase, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Humans, Luteinizing Hormone, Ovary, Prospective Studies, Ultrasonography, Biomarkers, Case-Control Studies, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Anti-Mullerian Hormone, Young Adult
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