Diagnosis of fetal non-chromosomal abnormalities on routine ultrasound examination at 11–13 weeks’ gestation

Abstract

Objective: To examine the performance of the routine 11–13‐week scan in detecting fetal non‐chromosomal abnormalities. Methods: This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data from 100 997 singleton pregnancies attending for a routine ultrasound examination of fetal anatomy, performed according to a standardized protocol, at 11–13 weeks' gestation. All continuing pregnancies had an additional scan at 18–24 weeks and 71 754 had a scan at either 30–34 or 35–37 weeks. The final diagnosis of fetal abnormality was based on the results of postnatal examination in cases of live birth and on the findings of the last ultrasound examination in cases of pregnancy termination, miscarriage or stillbirth. The performance of the 11–13‐week scan in the detection of fetal abnormalities was determined. Results: The study population contained 1720 (1.7%) pregnancies with a fetal abnormality, including 474 (27.6%) detected on the first‐trimester scan, 926 (53.8%) detected on the second‐trimester scan and 320 (18.6%) detected in the third trimester or postnatally. At 11–13 weeks' gestation, we diagnosed all cases of acrania, alobar holoprosencephaly, encephalocele, tricuspid or pulmonary atresia, pentalogy of Cantrell, ectopia cordis, exomphalos, gastroschisis and body‐stalk anomaly and > 50% of cases of open spina bifida, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, atrioventricular septal defect, complex heart defect, left atrial isomerism (interrupted inferior vena cava with normal intracardiac anatomy), lower urinary tract obstruction, absence of extremities, fetal akinesia deformation sequence and lethal skeletal dysplasia. Common abnormalities that were detected in < 10% of cases at 11–13 weeks included ventriculomegaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, isolated cleft lip, congenital pulmonary airway malformation, ventricular septal defect, abdominal cysts, unilateral renal agenesis or multicystic kidney, hydronephrosis, duplex kidney, hypospadias and talipes. Conclusions: A routine 11–13‐week scan, carried out according to a standardized protocol, can identify many severe non‐chromosomal fetal abnormalities. A summary statistic of the performance of the first‐trimester scan is futile because some abnormalities are always detectable, whereas others are either non‐detectable or sometimes detectable. To maximize prenatal detection of abnormalities, additional scans in both the second and third trimesters are necessary. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.