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Therapist-supported internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy yields similar effects as face-to-face therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
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Providing therapist-guided cognitive behaviour therapy via the Internet (ICBT) has advantages, but a central research question is to what extent similar clinical effects can be obtained as with gold-standard face-to-face cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). In a previous meta-analysis published in this journal, which was updated in 2018, we found evidence that the pooled effects for the two formats were equivalent in the treatment of psychiatric and somatic disorders, but the number of published randomized trials was relatively low (n=20). As this is a field that moves rapidly, the aim of the current study was to conduct an update of our systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical effects of ICBT vs. face-to-face CBT for psychiatric and somatic disorders in adults. We searched the PubMed database for relevant studies published from 2016 to 2022. The main inclusion criteria were that studies had to compare ICBT to face-to-face CBT using a randomized controlled design and targeting adult populations. Quality assessment was made using the Cochrane risk of bias criteria (Version 1), and the main outcome estimate was the pooled standardized effect size (Hedges' g) using a random effects model. We screened 5,601 records and included 11 new randomized trials, adding them to the 20 previously identified ones (total n=31). Sixteen different clinical conditions were targeted in the included studies. Half of the trials were in the fields of depression/depressive symptoms or some form of anxiety disorder. The pooled effect size across all disorders was g=0.02 (95% CI: -0.09 to 0.14) and the quality of the included studies was acceptable. This meta-analysis further supports the notion that therapist-supported ICBT yields similar effects as face-to-face CBT.
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“over the past two decades, diagnosis-specific internet interventions have been thoroughly investigated, with moderate to large effects [9].”
From Transdiagnostic and tailored internet intervention to improve mental health among university students: Research protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Meta-analytic studies have shown that there are no differences between online and face-to-face CBT (Hedman-Lagerlöf et al., 2023).”
From Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a blended transdiagnostic group CBT for the treatment of emotional disorders (2025) · cites this paper as Hedman-Lagerlöf et al., 2023
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“One way to lower the threshold for access to such treatment is to offer internet interventions, which have shown treatment effects for CBT that are equivalent to face-to-face treatment for diagnosis-specific depression, anxiety, and a variety of other conditions [9].”
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“Therapist‐guided internet‐based CBT (ICBT) has demonstrated effects comparable to traditional face‐to‐face CBT, including for PD (Hedman‐Lagerlöf et al. 2023; Pauley et al. 2023).”
From Internet‐Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With Interoceptive Exposure for Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Working Alliance Analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as Hedman‐Lagerlöf et al. 2023
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Bakanaitė, R., Bakanienė, I., & Kanyeredzi, A. (2025) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/15305627251358855 · Cited by 4
“15,16 A pooled standardized effect size was calculated using a random-effects model (Hedges ’ g), which accounts for potential bias due to small sample sizes.”
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“…or video sessions were included in any of the treatments, the rationale for this being that guided internet-delivered therapy typically has produced effects comparable to those of treatment delivered face-to-face in randomized controlled trials (Axelsson et al., 2020; Hedman-Lagerlöf et al., 2023).”
Su, R. J., Wang, R., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Sun, Y., Ni, J., Zhu, Y., Luan, J., Tian, G., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s10147-025-02875-2 · Cited by 2
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“Research demonstrates that the efficacy of guided ICBT can be on par with that of traditional face-to-face therapies in controlled studies (Hedman-Lagerl ¨ of et al., 2023) and in naturalistic settings (Rosenstr ¨ om et al., 2025).”
Self-citationvan Lotringen, C. M., Zirnheld, A., Kelders, S. M., Westerhof, G. J., & Noordzij, M. L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320710 · Cited by 2
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Self-citationDigital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Cardiac Anxiety After Myocardial Infarction
Johnsson, A., Ljótsson, B., Liliequist, B. E., Lidin, M., Löf, M., Maurex, L., Ólafsdóttir, E., Rautio, E., Sandborg, J., Braunschweig, F., et al. (2026) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2026.102669 · Cited by 3
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“…that Digital Mental Health Interventions (DMHIs), especially internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT), can be as effective as face-to-face treatments for common disorders such as depression and anxiety (Titov et al., 2017; Etzelmueller et al., 2020; Hedman-Lagerl ¨ of et al., 2023).”
Fisher, A. C., Rochesson, S. E. D., Bisby, M. A., Scott, A. J., Gandy, M., Heriseanu, A. I., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13976 · Cited by 3
“Importantly, digital mental health treatments such as Internet ‐ delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) with therapist support have been found to be as effective as face ‐ to ‐ face CBT. 12,13 Digital mental health treatments may be offered in unguided or guided formats.”
BackgroundJiménez-Orenga, N., Díaz‐García, A., García‐Palacios, A., & Bretón-López, J. M. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100761 · Cited by 2
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“Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that therapist-supported ICBT yields similar effects as face-to-face CBT for both psychiatric and somatic disorders [38].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDear, B. F., Heriseanu, A. I., Johnson, B., Norton, L., Nguyen, H., Richards, A., Pace, S., & Titov, N. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100789 · Cited by 2
“A large body of research now indicates that internet-based treatments result in similar outcomes as face-to-face psychological treatment therapy (Hedman-Lagerl ¨ of et al., 2023), and there is now substantial evidence confirming the efficacy, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness of…”
Martins, D. S., Bermúdez, M. B., Costa, M. D. A., Fleck, M. P., Salum, G. A., Dreher, C. B., & Manfro, G. G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81327-9 · Cited by 3
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“…cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) has demonstrated effectiveness for a wide range of psychological disorders (Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2022; K ¨ all et al., 2024), including depression and anxiety, and produces treatment effects equivalent to in-person CBT (Hedman-Lagerl ¨ of et al., 2023).”
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Self-citationLeung, L. B. (2024) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/annals-24-00557-jc
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BackgroundRobinson, K., Atkinson, M. J., Kylišová, K., Egan, S. J., Shafran, R., & Wade, T. D. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3444 · Cited by 3
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Self-citationBjarke, J., Gjestad, R., & Nordgreen, T. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.68165
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Using XR Technology
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“However, there are still unanswered questions about treatment moderators and implementation strategies [63].”
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Self-citationWork-focused therapy in an internet-based CBT format – A mixed methods feasibility study
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“Some of these barriers can be overcome by accessing remotely delivered services, such as digital or telehealth treatments, without compromising the efficacy of psychological care (Hedman-Lagerl ¨ of et al., 2023).”
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“17 Despite this success, no studies have examined the effects of an internet-based preoperative psychological intervention before heart surgery.”
Das Potenzial internet- und mobilbasierter Interventionen in der Versorgung junger Menschen
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“…of self-applied treatments (i.e., without a psychotherapist but with the specific content on a website) are cost-effective (Rohrbach et al., 2023) and constitute a well-established therapeutic format showing a clinical efficacy similar to that of face-to-face therapy (Hedman-Lagerlöf et al., 2023).”
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“Administering interventions online increases access to treatment, and the effects of cognitive behavioral therapies are typically similar to face-to-face therapy [23].”
E-therapy influence on mental health in generation z: Role of acces and engagement
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“…reducing time demand on clinicians [13], and guided iCBT yields equivalent outcomes to that of face-to-face support for depression and anxiety [13,14]. iCBT platforms such as SilverCloud Health by Amwell have been shown to improve depression and anxiety outcomes compared with waitlist controls…”
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“37 However, effect sizes for psychological therapies in IBD and other chronic illness populations are often small, 38,39 potentially due to insufficient tailoring to the concerns of living with IBD.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Carlbring, P., Svärdman, F., Riper, H., Cuijpers, P., & Andersson, G.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-05-09
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 305-314
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC10168168
- OpenAlex
- W4376133551
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 32
- FWCI
- 8.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Yale University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, digital mental health interventions, depression, anxiety disorders, somatic diseases, treatment efficacy comparison, adults
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