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The McCree-de Wit-Penning de Vries-Thornley respiration paradigms: 30 years later.
Abstract
To grow, an organism must respire substrates to produce C-skeleton intermediates, usable energy (i.e. ATP), and reducing power [i.e. NAD(P)H] to support biosynthesis and related processes such as active transport of substrates. Respiration is also needed—mainly as a supplier of ATP—to maintain existing biomass in a functional state. As a result, quantifying links between respiration, growth, and maintenance are needed to assess potential plant productivity, to understand plant responses to environmental factors, and as the basis of cost-benefit analyses of alternative uses of photosynthate. Beginning 30 years ago, and continuing for about 5 years, rapid advances were made in understanding and quantifying relationships between respiration and the processes it supports. Progress has continued since then, though often as refinements rather than novel advances. The simplest framework (i.e. paradigm) for relating respiration to other processes divides respiration into growth and maintenance fractions. This often involves a combination of empiricism and mechanism. A three-component framework (growth, maintenance and wastage) has also been considered, although quantifying wastage (theoretically or empirically) remains problematic. The more general and flexible framework, called the general paradigm (GP, herein), relates respiration to any number of individual processes that it supports. The most important processes (from C and energy balance perspectives) identified to date that require respiration are: biosynthesis of new structural biomass, translocation of photosynthate from sources to sinks, uptake of ions from the soil solution, assimilation of N (including N 2 ) and S into organic compounds, protein turnover, and cellular ion-gradient maintenance. In addition, some part of respiration may be associated with wastage (e.g. futile cycles and mitochondrial electron transport uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation). Most importantly, the GP can (semi-)mechanistically relate respiration to underlying physiology and biochemistry. The GP is more complicated than other approaches to describing or modelling respiration because it is more realistic, complete and mechanistic. This review describes a history of the GP and its present state. Future research questions are suggested. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company
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“According to previous studies, the value of + varies between 0 and 0.85 in non-growing plants/tissues and rapidly growing vegetative plants and tissues, respectively (Amthor, 2000; Hansen et al., 2005).”
From Exploring the Applicability of Calorespirometry to Assess Seed Metabolic Stability Upon Temperature Stress Conditions—Pisum sativum L. Used as a Case Study (2022) · cites this paper as Amthor, 2000
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“The respiration costs of the 15N uptake of the 0 N trees could be estimated at between 0.18 and 0.88 g equivalent glucose, assuming that three carbon atoms are released per NO3 − assimilated and transformed into asparagine (Sasakawa and LaRue 1986; Amthor 2000).”
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“According to previous studies, the value of ε varies between 0 and 0.85 in non-growing plants/tissues and rapidly growing vegetative plants and tissues, respectively (Amthor, 2000; Hansen et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialShi, Q., Lu, J., Yu, Q., & Han, J. (2024) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f15020338 · Cited by 8
Differential nighttime decreases in leaf respiratory CO 2 ‐efflux and O 2 ‐uptake
Bruhn, D., Noguchi, K., Griffin, K. L., & Tjoelker, M. G. (2023) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.19494 · Cited by 8
“This further indicates nocturnal variation in the rates of processes supported by respiration and/or their metabolic costs (Azc (cid:1) on-Bieto et al ., 1983; Amthor, 2000), irrespective of temperature changes at night.”
Crop Radiation Capture and Use Efficiency
Murchie, E. H., & Reynolds, M. P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5797-8_171 · Cited by 8
Keyser, T. L., & Brown, P. M. (2014) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.015 · Cited by 8
“In addition, an increase in maintenance respiration of root and sapwood tissue (McDowell et al., 2008; Amthor, 2000), both of which often increase with tree size (Martin et al.”
BackgroundVariability of stem CO2 efflux response to temperature over the diel period
Dařenová, E., Szatniewska, J., Acosta, M., & Pavelka, M. (2018) · Tree Physiology · doi:10.1093/treephys/tpy134 · Cited by 8
Whole-plant and Single-leaf Photosynthesis of Strawberry under Various Environmental Conditions
Lu Trong, L. E., Hoang Thai, D. I. N. H., Takaragawa, H., Watanabe, K., & Kawamitsu, Y. (2021) · Environment Control in Biology · doi:10.2525/ecb.59.173 · Cited by 8
“4A, B, D) shows that these trends were typical responses of plants under elevated CO2 and PPFD. Similar results were observed in previous studies (Chandra et al., 2008; Baligar et al., 2012).”
ResultHuang, R., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Huang, J., Hänninen, H., Huang, Y., & Hu, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00084 · Cited by 8
“Respiration provides the energy for the synthesis of new phytomass (Amthor, 2000).”
BackgroundIntegrating two physiological approaches helps relate respiration to growth of Pinus radiata
Kruse, J., & Adams, M. A. (2008) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02601.x · Cited by 8
Léauthaud, C., Kergoat, L., Hiernaux, P., Grippa, M., Musila, W., Duvail, S., & Albergel, J. (2018) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.09.015 · Cited by 8
Burnett, S. E., van Iersel, M. W., & Thomas, P. A. (2006) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci.41.1.124 · Cited by 8
“Photosynthesis normally exceeds respiration in healthy, vigorous plants, however, if respiration exceeds photosynthesis, growth will slow or cease, or plant organs will die (Amthor, 2000; Kramer and Boyer, 1995).”
BackgroundAN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF FUTURE CO 2 AND CLIMATE ON CALIFORNIAN AGRICULTURE
Baldocchi, D., & Wong, S. (2006) · Cited by 8
Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide: current conditions and future scenarios
Lewis, S. L., Phillips, O. L., Baker, T., Malhi, Y. S., & Lloyd, J. (2006) · Cited by 8
Wheat growth model capturing growth-defense trade-off
Dusfour-Castan, P., Buck-Sorlin, G., Loisel, P., Fontez, B., & Ballini, E. (2026) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1763868 · Cited by 7
“The daily amount of CO 2 produced per unit leaf area during respiration is then considered to be proportional to the rate of photosynthesis and plant mass (Amthor, 2000; Thornley, 2011).”
Heatwaves do not limit recovery following defoliation but alter leaf drought tolerance traits
O'Connell, B. P., & Wiley, E. (2023) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.14750 · Cited by 7
Crop sensitivity to waterlogging mediated by soil temperature and growth stage
Xu, F., Hu, P.-M., Wan, X., Harrison, M. T., Liu, K., & Xiong, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1262001 · Cited by 7
“The format of the relative increase ratio D soil of root respiration at soil temperature T soil (°C) is following (Amthor, 2000): D 10 is the relative increase ratio at a temperature increase of 10° , equals 2.0 (Lloyd and Taylor, 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialKinetic Modeling of Sunflower Grain Filling and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Durruty, I., Aguirrezábal, L. A. N., & Echarte, M. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00586 · Cited by 7
“Mechanistic models of physiological processes are often based on biochemical principles such as enzyme kinetics and reaction stoichiometry (Amthor, 2000).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Amthor, J.
- Affiliations
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Amthor, J
- ORCID
- Amthor, J
- Venue
- Annals of Botany
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-07
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-20
- ISSN
- 0305-7364 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2107606962
- Cited by
- 822
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 21.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Botany (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (DE-AC05-96OR22464)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC05?, DE-AC05-96OR22464)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Biological and Environmental Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Keywords
- plant respiration, growth respiration, maintenance respiration, photosynthate translocation, ion uptake, nitrogen assimilation, sulfur assimilation, protein turnover, energy balance, carbon balance, plant productivity
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