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Biological Effects of High Ultraviolet Radiation on Early Earth—a Theoretical Evaluation
Abstract
The surface of early Earth was exposed to both UVC radiation (< 280 nm) and higher doses of UVB (280-315 nm) compared with the surface of present day Earth. The degree to which this radiation environment acted as a selection pressure on organisms and biological systems has rarely been theoretically examined with respect to the biologically effective irradiances that ancient organisms would receive. Here action spectra for DNA inactivation and isolated chloroplast inhibition are used to estimate biologically effective irradiances on archean Earth. Comparisons are made with present day Earth. The theoretical estimations on the UV radiation screening required to protect DNA on archean Earth compare well with field and laboratory observations on protection strategies found in present day microbial communities. They suggest that many physical and biological methods may have been effective and would have allowed for the radiation of life even under the high UV radiation regimes of archean Earth. Such strategies would also have provided effective reduction of photoinhibition by UV radiation. The data also suggest that the UV regime on the surface of Mars is not a life limiting factor per se, although other environmental factors such as desiccation and low temperatures may contribute towards the apparent lack of a surface biota.
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“However, it has been observed that wavelengths below 290 nm are most damaging to DNA, and that the Archean Earth would have experienced a higher flux of shorter-wavelength UV radiation though water and atmospheric carbon dioxide may have efficiently blocked wavelengths much below 200 nm (Cockell 1998;Ranjan and Sasselov 2016).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Cockell 1998
In the citing paper
“Radiation shielding can be effectively provided by a water column, ice cover, sediment, organic material or other barriers (Cockell 1998), but the importance of UV in prebiotic chemistry suggests that shielded environments which could plausibly be in fairly close contact with unshielded environments should be preferred.”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Cockell 1998
In the citing paper
“However, it has been observed that wavelengths below 290 nm are most damaging to DNA, and that the Archean Earth would have experienced a higher flux of shorter-wavelength UV radiation though water and atmospheric carbon dioxide may have efficiently blocked wavelengths much below 200 nm (Cockell 1998;Ranjan and Sasselov 2016).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Cockell 1998
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Items 101–176 of 176
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Castenholz, R. W. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-2522-x_27 · Cited by 16
“14 h maximum) because of a more rapid Earth rotation, the estimated effects of UVC and UVB were probably still much greater than at present ( Cockell 1998, 2001 ).”
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“Additionally, the total amount of UV-B and UV-C radiation that reached the surface of early Earth in the Archean age might have been higher than nowadays, and further enhanced due to the lack of an ozone layer [31] which might have led to the formation of various types of metallic nanoparticles or nanoclusters ([2Fe–2…”
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“Additionally, it may be possible for organisms to mutate and adapt to thrive under stronger DNA damage conditions, as is thought to have occurred on Archean Earth 83 .”
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“%) of the ambient ionizing radiation (Cockell, 1998).”
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“Hence, UV flux may not be a critical limiting factor for the evolution of life on Mars [10], but the”
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“Ancestral cyanobacteria may have been exposed to high doses of both UVC ( > 280 nm) and UVB (280–350 nm) radiations (Cockell, 1998; Garcia-Pichel, 1998; Golubic and Abed, 2010; Garcia-Pichel et al. , 2019), due to the lack of O 3 in the atmosphere (Jackson, 2015).”
Gull, M., Cruz, H. A., Krishnamurthy, R., & Pasek, M. A. (2025) · Communications Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s42004-025-01577-0 · Cited by 10
“Consequently, the early Earth surface was exposed to both UVC radiation ( 280 nm) and higher doses of UVB (280 – 315 nm) compared with the present terrestrial surface 58 – 62 .”
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“The surface of Earth during the Archean Eon ( * 3.8 Ga) was exposed to higher doses of UVC radiation (200– 280 nm) and UVB (280–315 nm) in comparison with the current radiation because of the lack of an ozone layer ( e.g ., Cockell, 1998, 2007; Ranjan and Sasselov, 2016).”
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“The eyes are more vulnerable; UV-B causes cataract and snow blindness [10].”
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“Currently, this value is near zero due to the ozone layer (Cockell, 1998, 1999, 2000).”
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“Although UV radiation is a strong selective pressure for microbes, the presence of physical protection, biological protection, biological adaption and repair ability (Cockell, 1998) might have made UV radiation not a critical limitation to microbes in early Earth (e.”
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“rks have analyzed potential effects on life of stellar UV radiation, but they are only based on theoretical modeling and do not consider their effects on microorganisms but on isolated DNA molecules (Cockell, 1998, 1999; Cockell et al., 2005; Scalo and Wheeler, 2002; Rontó et al., 2003; Segura et al., 2003, 2010; Cock…”
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UV Radiation in Different Stellar Systems
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Lewy, Z. (2013) · International Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.4236/ijg.2013.410135 · Cited by 5
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Elemo, E. O., Ogobor, E. A., Mangete, O. E., Ayantunji, B. G., Doherty, K. B., Sani, H. A., Tomori, O. S., & Abdulkareem, M. L. (2021) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1107924 · Cited by 5
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“UVB (280-315 nm) radiation as well as UVC (190-280 nm) radiation could have penetrated to the Earth’s surface with their associated biological consequences ( Cockell 1998, Elster 1999).”
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“…the atmosphere was anoxic (from isotopic and geologic evidences, Walker et al. 1983) • No UV defense mechanism by ozonosphere • UVB (280-315 nm) & UVC (190-280 nm) radiation could have penetrated to the Earth’s surface • Biological consequences expected (Margulis et al., 1976; Cockell, 1998)”
Amaral, G., Martínez‐Frías, J., & Vázquez, L. (2005) · DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.physics/0512140 · Cited by 5
“Various works on the biological effects of UV radiation (Cockell, 1998, Cockell et al. 2000) have established that even the present-day instantaneous Martian UV flux would not in itself prevent life.”
BackgroundKann, I. K., Solhaug, K. A., & Gauslaa, Y. (2025) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-025-05765-6 · Cited by 4
“Its influence dates back before the formation of the protective ozone layer (Cockell 1998) and after (Robson et al. 2019).”
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“photoproducts is UVC (100‐280 nm)([7]).”
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“Given the high UV flux reaching the Archean sea surface, there might have been a strong selective pressure among photosynthetic organisms in the upper regions of the photic zone (Cockell 1998), which forced photosynthesizers to protect themselves (Bishop et al. 2006).”
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“To determine the influence of UVR on life on planetary bodies, previous studies have been using extrapolations from the DNA action spectrum (Cockell 1998, 1999, 2000; Buccino et al. 2006, 2007; Cuntz et al. 2010; Rugheimer et al. 2015), and microorganisms action spectra (O’MalleyJames & Kaltenegger…”
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“Prior to the rise of the oxygen on Earth, fatal levels of UV radiation at Earth’s surface meant life would have had to take refuge under various physical and chemical UV screens (e.g. in the water column, beneath sediments, using robust sunscreen pigments; Cockell 1998).”
BackgroundKaya, K., & Sano, T. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119068761.ch18 · Cited by 4
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“The action spectrum B(λ) is commonly used as a measure of damage, quantifying the injurious effects of the UV radiation on the biological processes in function of the wavelength (Coohill, 1991; Horneck, 1995; Cockell, 1998).”
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“The present-day UV-induced DNA damage would correspond to 500-fold reduction of the UV irradiance as compared to the levels of the Archean Earth [116].”
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“Interestingly, DUV light does not exist on the earth surface naturally, because DUV coming from the sun is absorbed by ozone in the atmosphere.[1] Thus, DUV can be used for communication or missile tracking thanks to a weak background interference.”
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“On the early Earth, any aqueous C 60 would have been in a largely anoxic environment and surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation levels would have been much higher with wavelengths down to 200 nm likely reaching the surface of the planet (Cnossen et al., 2007; Cockell, 1998).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cockell, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cockell, Charles S.
- ORCID
- Cockell, Charles S.
- Venue
- Journal of Theoretical Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 193
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 717-729
- ISSN
- 0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1971891252
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Keywords
- early Earth, ultraviolet radiation, UV-B radiation, UV-C, Archean, DNA inactivation, action spectrum, photoinhibition, microbial communities, Mars surface, habitability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Photosynthesis, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Injuries, Ultraviolet Rays, Earth, Planet
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