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Rates of Nucleotide Substitution in Primates and Rodents and the Generation–Time Effect Hypothesis
Abstract
DNA sequence data from introns, flanking regions, and the eta globin pseudogene region all show a significantly higher rate of nucleotide substitution in the Old World monkey lineage than in the human lineage after the separation of the two lineages, or, in other words, the data support the hominoid rate-slowdown hypothesis. Data from both protein sequences and DNA sequences show that the rate of evolution is significantly higher in the rodent lineage than in the primate lineage. Furthermore, DNA sequences from introns show that the rate of nucleotide substitution is at least two times higher in rodents than in higher primates. The male-to-female ratio of mutation rate is estimated to be between 3 and 6 in higher primates, whereas it is only 2 in mice and rats. These ratios are similar to the corresponding male-to-female ratios of germ cell divisions in higher primates and in rodents, suggesting that errors in DNA replication during germ cell division are the primary source of mutation, or, in other words, mutation is largely DNA replication-dependent. This conclusion provides further support for the generation-time effect hypothesis.
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“For example, the substitution rate in murid rodents is, on average, two to three times faster than the rate in hominid primates (apes and humans) 32 .”
From The modern molecular clock (2003) · cites this paper as [32]
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“For this estimate, we assumed that neutral substitution biases were similar in rodent and primate evolution and that the average substitution level since the rodent–primate split is 18% in human DNA and 35% in mouse DNA (Li et al. 1996).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Li, W.-H., Ellsworth, D. L., Krushkal, J., Chang, B. H.-J., & Hewett-Emmett, D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Venue
- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-02
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 182-187
- ISSN
- 1055-7903 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2068919087
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 10.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- nucleotide substitution rates, Old World monkeys, hominoid evolution, rodent evolution, primate evolution, introns, DNA replication errors, mutation rate
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, Female, Globins, Humans, Introns, Male, Models, Genetic, Mutation, Primates, Pseudogenes, Rodentia, Sex Chromosomes, Time Factors, Hominidae, Evolution, Molecular, Mice, Rats
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