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Arsenite Methylation by Methylvitamin B12and Glutathione Does Not Require an Enzyme
Abstract
Although inorganic arsenic is methylated enzymatically by arsenic methyltransferases, which have been found in many mammalian livers, the detection of such enzymes has not been successful in surgically removed human livers. Results of the present experiments demonstrated that methylvitamin B12 (methylcobalamin, CH3B12) in the presence of thiols and inorganic arsenite can produce, in vitro, substantial amounts of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and small amounts of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in the absence of enzymes. Furthermore, this nonenzymatic methylation of inorganic arsenite by CH3B12 was increased substantially by the presence of dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS) and/or sodium selenite. The actions of DMPS and selenite together were additive. The methylation by CH3B12 was neither inhibited nor stimulated by human liver cytosol. Since the amount of MMA produced by the in vitro system described in this study was not small, these results emphasize the need for a properly designed nutritional study in humans exposed to inorganic arsenic as to the relationship between vitamin B12, selenium, and the metabolism of carcinogenic inorganic arsenic.
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“Thereafter, AsIII undergoes multisteps in cells through arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor, resulting in the formation of methylated As compounds including MMAIII, DMAIII, MMAV, and DMAV [53].”
From Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater: A Review of Sources, Prevalence, Health Risks, and Strategies for Mitigation (2014) · cites this paper as [53]
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Research works printed but not linked: 26
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“Thereafter, Zakharyan and Aposhian [55] suggested that AsIII can be methylated nonenzymatically in the presence of both methylcobalamin and glutathione (GSH) (Figure 1(b)).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zakharyan, R. A., & Aposhian, H. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 287-291
- ISSN
- 0041-008X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978879125
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES 04940, P30 ES06694, P30ES006694, P42ES004940)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Arsenic contamination and mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Keywords
- inorganic arsenic, methylcobalamin, vitamin B12, glutathione, thiols, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, sodium selenite, selenium, arsenic methyltransferase, arsenic metabolism, liver
- MeSH terms
- Arsenicals, Cacodylic Acid, Cytosol, Drug Synergism, Enzymes, Glutathione, Humans, Liver, Methylation, Teratogens, Unithiol, Vitamin B 12, Sodium Selenite, Arsenites, Reducing Agents
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- Zakharyan, R. A., & Aposhian, H. V. (1999). Arsenite Methylation by Methylvitamin B12and Glutathione Does Not Require an Enzyme. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1998.8587
