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Raising the Technological Level: The Scope for API, Excipients, and Biologicals Manufacture in Africa
Open accessAbstract
This chapter discusses raising the technological scope for locally manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), excipients and biologicals in Africa — a hitherto nascent industry. It also discusses African drug development and manufacturing through the standardized use of ‘reverse pharmacology’ to bring new treatments for neglected diseases to the point of regulatory approvals. Currently there is very modest production of APIs on the African continent, although a few significant projects exist, 1 (such as LaGray in Ghana and Fine Chemicals in South Africa), or are in the planning stages. 2 Generic producers in India and China supply nearly all of the APIs used in African pharmaceutical manufacturing. Most African companies cannot afford the heavy investment and research and development activities required for API production. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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“the cost of excipients (which has been shown to average $2.63 per kilogram of finished pharmaceutical product [18])”
From Estimated minimum prices and lowest available national prices for antiobesity medications: Improving affordability and access to treatment (2023) · cites this paper as [18]
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Cited by
Levi, J., Wang, J., Venter, F., & Hill, A. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23725 · Cited by 69
“63 per kilogram of finished pharmaceutical product [18]), and an average Indian taxation on profit of 27%, as well as allowing for an overall 10% margin for profit.”
BackgroundCurrent prices versus minimum costs of production for CFTR modulators
Guo, J., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Fortunak, J., & Hill, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2022.04.007 · Cited by 64
Self-citationYang, Y., Husain, L., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-024-01089-x · Cited by 12
Empowering health sovereignty in Africa through innovations for self-reliant healthcare
Abdullahi, Y. B., Ahmed, N., Bashir, S., Abdi, Y. H., Abdi, M. S., Alhammadi, O. A. S., Okesanya, O. J., Agboola, A. O., & Ahmed, M. M. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-01184-3 · Cited by 12
“Although India’s pharmaceutical exports to Africa provide cost-effective alternatives to Western medicines, many African nations remain dependent on imported active pharmaceutical ingredients, limiting genuine production sovereignty [43, 44].”
Barrett, W. M., Takkellapati, S., Tadele, K., Martin, T. M., & Gonzalez, M. A. (2019) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05983 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Fortunak, J., Ngozwana, S., Gebre-Mariam, T., Ellison, T., Watts, P., Emeje, M., & Nytko, F. E.
- Venue
- Making Medicines in Africa
- Publisher
- Palgrave Macmillan UK
- Published
- 2016
- Pages
- 122-143
- OpenAlex
- W2346546411
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.91
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Biotechnology and Related Fields
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting
- Keywords
- active pharmaceutical ingredients, pharmaceutical excipients, reverse pharmacology, drug development, neglected diseases, regulatory approval, local pharmaceutical manufacturing, Africa
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- The paper
- Fortunak, J., Ngozwana, S., Gebre-Mariam, T., Ellison, T., Watts, P., Emeje, M., & Nytko, F. E. (2016). Raising the Technological Level: The Scope for API, Excipients, and Biologicals Manufacture in Africa. Making Medicines in Africa. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54647-0_8
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
