The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 31 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
People Without Things
Abstract
It is easy to understand the puzzlement of colleagues who are unsure what to make of the increasing number of anthropologists who bemoan anthropocentrism. We can forgive their sideways glances when they hear that social scientists are “now look[ing] to gain maturity by burying the corpse of our imperial majesty: society” (Miller 2005: 37). Or when they learn that posthumanism is a growing project in the humanities (Wolfe 2003). Or that the latest iteration of phenomenology has little to do with people and is instead concerned with how objects perceive one another (Harman 2005).
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Fowles argues that the recent “turn toward things” in social theory has a blind spot: absence, which can function as an object-like presence with material and political effects. Through examples such as Latour’s gun debate, Argentina’s disappeared, Neolithic faceless figurines, and stateless/neo-primitivist politics, he calls for treating absences as part of the material world.
Key findings
- The turn toward things usefully counters the textual turn but over-privileges tangible presence; absences can be “quasi-presences” that intrude, resist, prompt action, and have material consequences, as with misplaced keys or the Argentine disappeared.
- In Latour’s citizen-gun example, Fowles argues the NRA’s position implies citizenship is already a person-plus-gun hybrid, so the “crossed-out gun” is a politicized absence rather than a neutral missing object.
- Anthropological and evolutionary accounts have long defined nonmodern or stateless societies by what they lack; Clastres’s “society against the state” and neo-primitivists show absence can be cultivated, aggressive, and politically constructive rather than merely a source of longing.
- Crossland’s work on Argentina’s disappeared concerns “thousands of individuals” abducted and killed under military rule in the late 1970s and early 1980s; Fowles also notes claims that humans have inhabited increasingly entangled material worlds over “the past 40,000 or so years.”
Methods
- Design: conceptual and theoretical essay, not an empirical study; it critiques materiality/thing theory through close readings of Latour, Morgan, Clastres, Bailey, Crossland, and related literature.
- Data/sample: no formal sample or dataset; the argument draws on illustrative archaeological, ethnographic, historical, and political examples, including Neolithic figurines, the Argentine disappeared, the NRA gun debate, colonial nakedness discourse, and neo-primitivism.
- Main analysis: juxtaposes presence/absence, materiality/immateriality, and symmetry to argue that absences are not reducible to ideas and should be treated as object-like participants in social and material worlds.
Limitations
- The author states that the strong postcolonial “thing-rhetoric” needs “a more extensive treatment than I am able to offer here,” and that his comparison to Latour’s project is “hardly fair.”
- The author also states it is “not the place to discuss Latour’s broader claims,” and a footnote records the editors’ critique that interweaving Olsen, Pinney, and Miller does a disservice to their individual arguments, which Fowles calls “a fair critique.”
- Evident from the text: the essay offers no empirical data, systematic sampling, or formal comparative method; its claims rest on selected illustrative cases, and it does not provide clear criteria for distinguishing object-like absences from ideas or for adjudicating between competing interpretations.
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Claims the paper makes
49 Own interpretation · 10 Sources not found · 8 Not checked yet · 7 No full text of the sources · 6 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such photographs, mailed back to Europe, became iconic evidence of the native's lack of civilization and their generally abject state of humanity left unfulfilled.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The most obvious similarity is that both Latour and Morgan imagine a world history in the singular, proceeding along a unidirectional trajectory from an early society with few things to a modern society with many.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Latour 1999
- Not matchedcites Morgan 1974
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nakedness of the native, on the other hand, was fundamentally a thing of deprivation.”
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In the paper
“During the nineteenth century 'nakedness symbolized readability and legibility' writes Philippa Levine (2008: 198-199).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Levine 2008 source
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In the paper
“Morgan stripped away things and institutions as a means of revealing and situating primitivity, an act of methodological disrobing that cannot be divorced from the deep-seated Victorian preoccupation with the nakedness of native peoples.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Morgan 1974
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In the paper
“but each founds their argument on an additive principle.”
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In the paper
“Thus were indigenous bodies on the colonial frontier systematically disrobed and photographed as a form of scientific documentation and anthropometric study.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Levine 2008 source
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In the paper
“indeed, it served as the very image of human perfection (Clark 1956).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Clark 1956 source
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In the paper
“absences perform labor, frequently intensifying our emotional or cognitive engagement with that which is manifestly not present.”
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In the paper
“then absent objects emerge as an especially awkward category”
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 54
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In the paper
“building models in which religion, kinship or some other phenomenon stood in for the missing political system.”
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In the paper
“cannot walk away a citizen precisely because this new hybrid carries in its hand a politicized absence rather than a gun.”
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In the paper
“Object-like absences (or what Fuery (1995: 2) refers to as quasi-presences), in this sense, become full participants in the social”
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In the paper
“Vespucci's presence on the shore reveals to the native, in an instance, that she is impoverished, that she is a creature of absence.”
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In the paper
“Take away the guns, and what one is left with is not a society of peace-loving citizens, but a society with no citizens at all.”
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In the paper
“As typically understood, absence is equated with incompleteness and so becomes a source of longing.”
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In the paper
“absences - no less than presences - also inhabit the material world on the far side of signification”
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In the paper
“Often referred to as primitivists or neo-Luddites, this community is certainly engaged in their own work of elimination, but instead of an act of disrobing that results in an image of deficiency, here one encounters elimination as a constructive act aimed at building greater levels of individual autonomy and ecological sustainability (see Shepard, 1998; Zerzan 1994a).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shepard 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Zerzan 1994a
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In the paper
“Morgan approached the question of stateless society by working backward from the present”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1974]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Doing without, in this context, is a way of embracing absence and making it perform political work.”
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In the paper
“a shadow is simultaneously cast upon the many absent things that have their own part to play in the action.”
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In the paper
“Absences push back and resist. They prompt us into action.”
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In the paper
“the missing head of the tribal society in Africa, Australia, or the Americas surely served as its own prompt for the early twentieth century ethnographer.”
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In the paper
“The reason for this blind spot, it seems to me, is closely linked to the particular brand of 'posthuman postcolonialism' just noted.”
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In the paper
“The problem of absence has always been a peripheral concern at best”
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In the paper
“the discipline's dominant subject matter, until relatively recently, was comprised of non-Western societies defined precisely by what they lacked.”
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In the paper
“if one rejects idealism in favor of a new materialism (as do an increasing number of anthropologists and archaeologists), then one is far more inclined to write essays about the physicality of the decaying corpse”
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In the paper
“the discourse of desire within the image seems to go in both directions, for van der Straet has presented the native as both desired and desiring.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Montrose 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“They come both before and after human perception, and in this way gain a kind of independence from the perceiving human subject.”
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In the paper
“The Victorian blushed before the naked native as a way of acknowledging that something morally required was missing (clothing, but perhaps also an appropriate sense of shame), while he could gaze upon the painting of a nude in a gallery with impunity, for the nude was as she was meant to be.”
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In the paper
“Even in societies in which the political institution is absent, where for example chiefs do not exist, even there the political is present, even there the question of power is posed: not in the misleading sense of wanting to account for an impossible absence, but in the contrary sense whereby, perhaps mysteriously, something exists within the absence .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clastres 1987
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The State was not a novel institutional apparatus cut from whole cloth in the Near East some six millennia ago, but is better understood as a frightening image of systematic domination that has always haunted human societies.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The State is never merely absent.
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In the paper
“absences also have their distinctive affordances and material consequences that are not only prior to meaning but can, of their own accord, direct the process of signification itself.”
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In the paper
“If one roundly rejects phenomenology in favor of a posthuman relational philosophy (as does Latour), then one is far more inclined to write essays about hard, metal guns as opposed to absent or banned guns.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The key difference between the two is that, unlike the image of the naked native, the aestheticized 'nude' of the artist was not truly 'lacking clothes,' if by this we mean that it was somehow considered less than complete.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Clark 1956 source
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In the paper
“removing one by one his principal institutions, inventions, and discoveries, in the order in which they have appeared, the advance made in each period will be realized.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1974]
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In the paper
“The alternative to this sort of conceit is to acknowledge that absence need not be a source of longing at all.”
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In the paper
“absences cannot be reduced to ideas”
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In the paper
“expose the ability of non-things no less than things, immateriality no less than materiality, and absence no less than presence to intrude”
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In the paper
“Modern is to primitive as presence is to absence - this is what it means to be naked, to be stateless, to be without a head.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Stateless society, pre-capitalist economies, tribes without rulers, people without history - these were the curiosities of the colonial frontier that animated most early theory-building in anthropology.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The problem is that the 'material heaviness' of society is typically measured by the quantity of artifacts (see also Dant 2006) - in other words, by the quantity of human-constructed objects that have come to occupy a world formerly filled with 'natural' materials. Which is to say that the notion is premised upon a division between the things of nature and the things of culture, only the latter of”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hodder 2006
- Not checked yetcites Dant 2006 source
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- Not matchedcites Latour 1993
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In the paper
“absence can only be expressed, paradoxically, through presence.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“one could say that the primitives of this and many other early anthropological texts were naked rather than nude because, while they may not have been cognizant of their lack of coinage, the potter's wheel, writing, history, religion, government, etc., they were nevertheless tragically incomplete.”
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In the paper
“most regard it as a critical response to the textual turn of the 1970s and 1980s”
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is no CitizenGun, precisely because citizenship has already been defined in hybrid terms as the union of a person and a gun”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“absence seems to be both derivative and strangely”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quite to the contrary, absence can be aggressive; it can be cultivated; it can mark the overt rejection of that which is not present.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The very notion of evolutionary progress relied upon a hidden teleological compulsion for society to acquire more and more of its missing things, gradually filling out a checklist of civilization's predetermined accomplishments.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In such societies, observes Graeber, the effort to thwart would-be despots in day-to-day human interactions 'appears to spark a kind of equally elaborate reaction formation, a spectral nightworld inhabited by monsters, witches or other creatures of horror. And it's the most peaceful societies which are also the most haunted' (Graeber 2004: 25).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graeber 2004
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
In the paper
“The stateless society, for Clastres, is always a society against the state, which is to say it is a society with a state led by leaders with extreme power…”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clastres 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The State was not a novel institutional apparatus cut from whole cloth in the Near East some six millennia ago, but is better understood as a frightening image of systematic domination that has always haunted human societies.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The State is never merely absent.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indeed, without a viable alternative to the myth of progress, the old evolutionary metanarratives tend to linger in the shadows.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one cannot add and subtract relations without leaving residues.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“David Graeber (Graeber, 2004; see also Fowles 2010) has recently extended Clastres's argument, observing that ethnographers have, in fact, encountered this very image of domination in the relationships egalitarian societies frequently have with a violent and despotic world of spirits.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graeber 2004
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not matchedcites Fowles 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
In the paper
“Miller's immaterial stands on the side of Brown's world of ideas as that which is thought rather than encountered”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miller 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“'To unclothe was to uncover the truth about the native.'”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Levine 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“absent things fall into the blind spot of thing theory due to the stigma of their unseemly origins”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we have over-privileged a crude notion of presence linked to physicality and tangibility”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The missing face, then, is not a text to be”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bailey 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“my primary argument in this chapter is that thing theory's 2 major blind spot is, quite literally, that which is unseen”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a response to a world reduced to discourse”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much contemporary scholarship, even when it explicitly critiques modernist narratives, remains wedded to an understanding of premodern societies as 'societies without.'”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this new materialism tends to blind us to that more complicated world of relations”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the keys and the absence of the keys have material effects on the world.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For Clastres, that something was a paradoxical 'powerless power' in which certain individuals were granted empty positions of leadership precisely so that would-be dominators could be kept in check by the community at large.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clastres 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The State was not a novel institutional apparatus cut from whole cloth in the Near East some six millennia ago, but is better understood as a frightening image of systematic domination that has always haunted human societies.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The State is never merely absent.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have suggested that they must be regarded as part of the material world, part of the world of encounter that stands over against us.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And yet, they are also foreign to that world, insofar as an absence always marks one or a limited number of nonpresent things drawn out of the infinite number of things that are, in fact, not present in a given context.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, absences are a special category of things.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of these absent things come naturally. Like a dugout canoe, all require a great deal of excavation to construct.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This makes the absent thing an odd expatriate of the world of ideas that has taken up residence in the world of encounter.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The world can be divided into a world of ideas and a world of encounter.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once we have come to terms with this fact, we will be in a position to see both the naked native and the naked emperor in a somewhat different light.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The world can be divided into a world of ideas and a world of encounter.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And neither the society clothed by the state nor the society clothed by the state is any more naked than the other.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The State was not a novel institutional apparatus cut from whole cloth in the Near East some six millennia ago, but is better understood as a frightening image of systematic domination that has always haunted human societies.
“First, it is taken as axiomatic that 'the State' was not a novel institutional apparatus cut from whole cloth in the Near East some six millennia ago, but is better understood as a frightening image of systematic domination that has always haunted human societies.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The State is never merely absent.
“The second assumption follows from the first: insofar as the State has always been with us as a dangerous possibility, it is never merely absent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The world can be divided into a world of ideas and a world of encounter.
“This makes the absent thing an odd expatriate of the world of ideas that has taken up residence in the world of encounter.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Naked Society · p. 16
“similar to the way the NRA is worried about becoming a society filled with guns”
§ Naked Society · p. 15
“If we indulge in imagining a future in which handguns in the U.S. have been banned, there is no question that members of the NRA would regard their crossed-out guns as painful absences, as a palpable lack in need of remedy and renewed lobbying.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Naked Society · p. 16
“neo-primitivists aim for a world with cell phones, SUVs, and computers.”
§ Naked Society · p. 15
“the increasing number of people in far left circles who advocate doing away with, not just guns, but all mass-produced things, indeed who advocate doing away with 'civilization' itself.”
Citations
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- Rousseau, J.-J. 1992 [1754]. Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality. In The Collected Writings of Rousseau, Vol. 3, eds. R.D. Masters and C. Kelly, 17-67. Hanover: University Press of New England.
- Serres, M. 2007 [1980]. The Parasite, translated by L. R. Schehr. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Tanaka, K. 1998. Absence of the Buddha Image in Early Buddhist Art. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fowles, S.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fowles, Severin
- Venue
- An Anthropology of Absence
- Publisher
- Springer New York
- Published
- 2010
- Pages
- 23-41
- OpenAlex
- W19985196
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 22.77
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Posthumanist Ethics and Activism
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Anthropological Studies and Insights
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Geographies of human-animal interactions
- Keywords
- anthropocentrism, posthumanism, phenomenology, objects, materiality, social criticism, anthropological theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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