A BERT-Based Transfer Learning Approach for Hate Speech Detection in Online Social Media

BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

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BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

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Deep Contextualized Word Representations

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Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification

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Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language

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Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter

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Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Tweets

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A Survey on Automatic Detection of Hate Speech in Text

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The Risk of Racial Bias in Hate Speech Detection

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Using Deep Learning to Detect Islamophobia on Reddit

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Persian offensive language detection

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Multi-Label Classification of Hate Speech Severity on Social Media using BERT Model

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How Hate Speech Varies by Target Identity: A Computational Analysis

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Adaptive ensemble techniques leveraging BERT based models for multilingual hate speech detection in Korean and english

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Enhancing Early Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Deep Learning Approach with LRT-Enhanced EfficientNet-B3 for Accurate and Efficient Histopathological Diagnosis

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Indonesian Hate Speech Detection Using IndoBERTweet and BiLSTM on Twitter

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A systematic literature review of hate speech identification on Arabic Twitter data: research challenges and future directions

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Generalizing Hate Speech Detection Using Multi-Task Learning: A Case Study of Political Public Figures

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A comprehensive review on detection of hate speech for multi-lingual data

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A GA-Based Approach to Fine-Tuning BERT for Hate Speech Detection

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Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection: A New Feature Set with Filter-Embedded Combining Feature Selection

Aziz, N. A. A., Maarof, M. A., & Zainal, A. B. (2021) · Cyber Resilience Conference · doi:10.1109/crc50527.2021.9392486 · Cited by 15

Metro Emergency Passenger Flow Prediction on Transfer Learning and LSTM Model

Ma, J., Zeng, X., Xue, X., & Deng, R. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12031644 · Cited by 15

Attention-Based Bi-LSTM Network for Abusive Language Detection

Nelatoori, K. B., & Bindu, K. H. (2022) · IETE Journal of Research · doi:10.1080/03772063.2022.2034534 · Cited by 15

SSL-GAN-RoBERTa: A robust semi-supervised model for detecting Anti-Asian COVID-19 hate speech on social media

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Offensive Language Detection in Nepali Social Media

Niraula, N. B., Dulal, S., & Koirala, D. (2021) · Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.woah-1.7 · Cited by 16

Harnessing Bullying Traces to Enhance Bullying Participant Role Identification in Multi-Party Chats

Ollagnier, A., Cabrio, E., & Villata, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the ... International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference · doi:10.32473/flairs.36.133191 · Cited by 15

Fine-Tuning BERT-Based Models for Negative Content Identification on Indonesian Tweets

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Deciphering Implicit Hate: Evaluating Automated Detection Algorithms for Multimodal Hate

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Team Rouges at SemEval-2020 Task 12: Cross-lingual Inductive Transfer to Detect Offensive Language

Dadu, T., & Pant, K. (2020) · International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.semeval-1.290 · Cited by 20

Sexism Prediction in Spanish and English Tweets Using Monolingual and Multilingual BERT and Ensemble ModelsPreprint

de Paula, A. F. M., da Silva, R. F., & Schlicht, I. B. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.04551 · Cited by 26

Detecting Substance Use Disorder Using Social Media Data and the Dark Web: Time- and Knowledge-Aware Study

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Hindi-English Code Mixed Hate Speech Detection using Character Level Embeddings

Rahul, Gupta, V., Sehra, V., & Vardhan, Y. R. (2021) · International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) · doi:10.1109/iccmc51019.2021.9418261 · Cited by 13

Detecting Hate Speech in Cross-Lingual and Multi-lingual Settings Using Language Agnostic Representations

Rodríguez, S. E., Allende‐Cid, H., & Allende, H. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93420-0_8 · Cited by 13

Leveraging Readability and Sentiment in Spam Review Filtering Using Transformer Models

Kanmani, R. S., & Surendiran, B. (2022) · Computer Systems Science and Engineering · doi:10.32604/csse.2023.029953 · Cited by 15

T5 for Hate Speech, Augmented Data, and Ensemble

Adewumi, T., Sabry, S. S., Abid, N., Liwicki, F., & Liwicki, M. (2023) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci5040037 · Cited by 21

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Detection of Hateful Speech for Hinglish Data on Social Media

Srivastava, A., Hasan, M. M., Yagnik, B., Walambe, R. A., & Kotecha, K. V. (2021) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-3067-5_8 · Cited by 16

Adversarial Attacks and Defenses for Social Network Text Processing Applications: Techniques, Challenges and Future Research DirectionsPreprint

Alsmadi, I. M., Ahmad, K., Nazzal, M., Alam, F., Al‐Fuqaha, A., Khreishah, A. A., & Algosaibi, A. A. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.13980 · Cited by 13

Semi-meta-supervised hate speech detection

Putra, C. D., & Wang, H. (2024) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2024.111386 · Cited by 15

Adversarial Robustness of Vision Transformers Versus Convolutional Neural Networks

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Detecting information from Twitter on landslide hazards in Italy using deep learning models

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Toxic comment classification and rationale extraction in code-mixed text leveraging co-attentive multi-task learning

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Ensemble Based Hinglish Hate Speech Detection

Rahul, Gupta, V., Sehra, V., & Vardhan, Y. R. (2021) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS) · doi:10.1109/iciccs51141.2021.9432352 · Cited by 12

Multilingual Sentiment Analysis for Emotion-Aware Feedback in Language Learning Platforms

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Leveraging posts’ and authors’ metadata to spot several forms of abusive comments in Twitter

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Addressing Challenges in Hate Speech Detection Using BERT-Based Models: A Review

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TheNorth at SemEval-2020 Task 12: Hate Speech Detection Using RoBERTa

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Predatory Conversation Detection Using Transfer Learning Approach

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A Study: Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection in Textual Data by Using RNN, CNN, LSTM and BERT Model

Kumar, A. (2022) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS) · doi:10.1109/iciccs53718.2022.9788347 · Cited by 11

Detecting Conspiracy Theories on Social Media: Improving Machine Learning to Detect and Understand Online Conspiracy Theories

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Effects of suspensions on offences and damage of suspended offenders and their peers on an online chat platform

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Sentiment Analysis of Reviews in Kazakh With Transfer Learning Techniques

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HateDetector: Multilingual technique for the analysis and detection of online hate speech in social networks

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Domain-Enhanced Prompt Learning for Chinese Implicit Hate Speech Detection

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Question-based computational language approach outperforms rating scales in quantifying emotional states

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Toxic Comment Classification

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Evaluation of ChatGPT and BERT-based Models for Turkish Hate Speech Detection

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A BERT-based Hate Speech Classifier from Transcribed Online Short-Form Videos

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HardenVR: Harassment Detection in Social Virtual Reality

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Offensive language detection in low resource languages: A use case of Persian language

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Advancing offensive language detection in Arabic social media: a BERT-based ensemble learning approach

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A Multi-Architecture Approach for Offensive Language Identification Combining Classical Natural Language Processing and BERT-Variant Models

Yadav, A., Khan, F. A., & Singh, V. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142311206 · Cited by 9

Exploring hate speech detection: challenges, resources, current research and future directions

Geetanjali, G., & Kumar, M. (2025) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-025-20716-2 · Cited by 12

Ransomware detection and family classification using fine-tuned BERT and RoBERTa models

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Hateful meme detection with multimodal deep neural networks

Constantin, M. G., Pârvu, D.-Ș., Stanciu, C. L., Ionaşcu, D., & Ionescu, B. E. (2021) · International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/isscs52333.2021.9497374 · Cited by 9

Analyzing legal education mobile learner's behavior using deep learning under social media

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Understanding Social Biases Behind Location Names in Contextual Word Embedding Models

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Application of Machine Learning in the Precise and Cost-Effective Self-Compensation of the Thermal Errors of CNC Machine Tools – A Review

Czwartosz, R., & JEDRZEJEWSKI, J. (2022) · Journal of Machine Engineering · doi:10.36897/jme/152246 · Cited by 9

Separating Hate Speech from Abusive Language on Indonesian Twitter

Ibrahim, M. A., Sagala, N. T. M., Arifin, S., Nariswari, R., Murnaka, N. P., & Prasetyo, P. W. (2022) · International Conference on Data Science and Its Applications (ICoDSA) · doi:10.1109/icodsa55874.2022.9862850 · Cited by 9

New challenges for content privacy in speech and audio

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To BAN or Not to BAN: Bayesian Attention Networks for Reliable Hate Speech Detection

Miok, K., Škrlj, B., Zaharie, D., & Robnik‐Šikonja, M. (2021) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-021-09826-9 · Cited by 39

One to rule them all: Towards Joint Indic Language Hate Speech DetectionPreprint

Bhatia, M., Bhotia, T. S., Agarwal, A., Ramesh, P., Gupta, S., Shridhar, K., Laumann, F., & Dash, A. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.13711 · Cited by 18

Engineering of Generative Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing Models to Accurately Identify Arrhythmia Recurrence

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Hate Speech Detection: Leveraging LLM-GPT2 with Fine-Tuning and Multi-Shot Techniques

Choudhary, M., Agarwal, B., & Goyal, V. (2025) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.04.542 · Cited by 12

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for Detection of Online Hate Speech

Dhamija, T., Anjum, & Katarya, R. (2021) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0942-8_48 · Cited by 9

A Study on Automatic Detection of Cyberbullying using Machine Learning

Khan, A. A., & Bhat, A. (2022) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS) · doi:10.1109/iciccs53718.2022.9788299 · Cited by 8

Joint Estimation and Analysis of Risk Behavior Ratings in Movie Scripts

Martínez, V. R., Somandepalli, K., Uhls, Y. T., & Narayanan, S. S. (2020) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.387 · Cited by 8

On Predicting Behavioral Deterioration in Online Discussion Forums

Tshimula, J. M., Chikhaoui, B., & Wang, S. (2020) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM) · doi:10.1109/asonam49781.2020.9381428 · Cited by 8

Separating Hate Speech and Offensive Language Classes via Adversarial Debiasing

Yuan, S., Maronikolakis, A., & Schütze, H. (2022) · Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.woah-1.1 · Cited by 9

Anti-Asian Hate Speech Detection via Data Augmented Semantic Relation Inference

Li, J., & Ning, Y. (2022) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19319 · Cited by 11

Multi-perspective contrastive learning framework guided by sememe knowledge and label information for sarcasm detection

Wen, Z., Wang, R., Luo, X., Wang, Q., Liang, B., Du, J., Yu, X., Gui, L., & Xu, R. (2023) · International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s13042-023-01884-9 · Cited by 8

Understanding Transformers for Bot Detection in TwitterPreprint

García-Silva, A., Berrío, C., & Gómez-Pérez, J. M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.06182 · Cited by 16

Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH)

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A Literature Survey on Multimodal and Multilingual Sexism Detection

Luo, X., Liang, B., Wang, Q., Li, J., Cambria, E., Xiao-jun, Z., He, Y., Yang, M., & Xu, R. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2025.3561921 · Cited by 7

Explainable Abuse Detection as Intent Classification and Slot Filling

Calabrese, A., Roß, B., & Lapata, M. (2022) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00527 · Cited by 8

Data-Efficient Methods For Improving Hate Speech Detection

Roychowdhury, S., & Gupta, V. (2023) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.findings-eacl.9 · Cited by 7

BERT for Sentiment Analysis on Rotten Tomatoes Reviews

Putrada, A. G., Alamsyah, N., & Fauzan, M. N. (2023) · International Conference on Data Science and Its Applications (ICoDSA) · doi:10.1109/icodsa58501.2023.10276800 · Cited by 7

From hate to harmony: Leveraging large language models for safer speech in times of COVID-19 crisis

Chao, A. F. Y., Wang, C.-S., Li, B.-Y., & Chen, H.-Y. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35468 · Cited by 12

Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Adversarial Cyberbullying and Hate Speech in Social Networks

Azumah, S. W., Elsayed, N., Elsayed, Z., Özer, M., & Guardia, A. C. L. (2024) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Internet of Things (AIBThings) · doi:10.1109/aibthings63359.2024.10863625 · Cited by 16

Application of Transfer Learning Algorithm and Real Time Speech Detection in Music Education Platform

Shen, H. (2021) · Scientific Programming · doi:10.1155/2021/1093698 · Cited by 7

Dynamically Refined Regularization for Improving Cross-corpora Hate Speech Detection

Bose, T., Αλέτρας, Ν., Illina, I., & Fohr, D. (2022) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.32 · Cited by 8

Free speech or Free Hate Speech? Analyzing the Proliferation of Hate Speech in Parler

Israeli, A., & Tsur, O. (2022) · Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.woah-1.11 · Cited by 8

JRLV at SemEval-2022 Task 5: The Importance of Visual Elements for Misogyny Identification in Memes

Ravagli, J., & Vaiani, L. (2022) · International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.semeval-1.84 · Cited by 7

Anatomy of Hate Speech Datasets

Guimarães, S., Kakizaki, G., Melo, P. D. F., Silva, M., Murai, F., Reis, J. C. S., & Benevenuto, F. (2023) · ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT) · doi:10.1145/3603163.3609158 · Cited by 7

On the relation between K–L divergence and transfer learning performance on causality extraction tasks

Gopalakrishnan, S., Chen, V. Z., Dou, W., & Zadrozny, W. (2024) · Natural Language Processing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nlp.2024.100055 · Cited by 10

Bayesian Methods for Semi-supervised Text AnnotationPreprint

Miok, K., Pirš, G., & Robnik‐Šikonja, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.14872 · Cited by 7

Cross-lingual Hate Speech Detection using Transformer ModelsPreprint

Tita, T., & Zubiaga, A. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.00981 · Cited by 12

Transfer learning approach for identifying negative sentiment in tweets directed to football players

Mullah, N. S., Zainon, W. M. N. W., & Wahab, M. N. A. (2024) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2024.108377 · Cited by 7

Retrieval of Injection Molding Industrial Knowledge Graph Based on Transformer and BERT

Zhou, Z.-W., Jong, W., Ting, Y.-H., Chen, S., & Chiu, M.-C. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13116687 · Cited by 6

Multilingual Hate Speech Detection: Comparison of Transfer Learning Methods to Classify German, Italian, and Spanish Posts

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BERT and LLM-Based Multivariate Hate Speech Detection on Twitter: Comparative Analysis and Superior Performance

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