Large Number Coincidences and the Anthropic Principle in Cosmology
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Very small changes in the laws, parameters and initial conditions of physics would result in a universe unable to evolve and support intelligent life.
“Beginning with the classic papers of Carter (1974) and Carr & Rees (1979), and the extensive discussion of Barrow & Tipler (1986), a number of authors have noticed that very small changes in the laws, parameters and initial conditions of physics would result in a universe unable to evolve and support intelligent life.”
From The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life (2012) · cites this paper as Carter (1974)
Near this line, the universe will contain both radiative and convective stars.
“Near this line, the universe will contain both radiative and convective stars.”
From The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life (2012) · cites this paper as Carter (1974)
The dashed line shows a striking coincidence discussed by Carter (1974), namely alpha^{12} beta^4 ~ alpha_G.
“The dashed line in the left plot shows a striking coincidence discussed by Carter (1974), namely a 12 b 4 , a G .”
From The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life (2012) · cites this paper as Carter (1974)
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
Cited by 404
- Authors
- Carter, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carter, Brandon
- ORCID
- Carter, Brandon
- Venue
- Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Published
- 1974
- Pages
- 291-298
- OpenAlex
- W1657072747
- Cited by
- 404
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Keywords
- anthropic principle, Copernican principle, cosmology, fine-tuning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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